<p>Mount Morgan Cemetery is a heritage-listed cemetery at East Street, Mount Morgan, Rockhampton Region, Queensland, Australia. It was established in 1886. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The earliest burial recorded in Mount Morgan Cemetery is that of James Kennedy in 1886. The cemetery was reserved in 1889 and occupies an area of 4.5 hectares of land to the south of the township. It continues in use and has many fine and unusual memorials.</p><br>
<p>Mount Morgan is a town which developed to support the open cut Mount Morgan Mine situated on the Dee River, 30 km south west of Rockhampton. It was part of Calliungal pastoral run taken up by the Leith Hay family in the 1850s. Although gold bearing ore had been found in the area in 1870, it was not until 1882 that the three Morgan brothers and other businessmen formed a syndicate to mine and process deposits at Ironstone Mountain, which proved extremely rich. Mount Morgan was mined for 99 years, yielding 225,000 kilos of gold, 50,000 kilos of silver and 360,000 tonnes of copper. The mine was the economic focus of the town until ore production ceased in 1981 and the company finally ceased operations on 31 December 1992. The cemetery has continuously served the town for virtually the whole of its existence.</p><br>
<p>The most striking memorial in the cemetery is probably the Linda Memorial. On 5 November 1908, an accident occurred in the Linda section of the mine in which seven men where killed. Widespread concern and sympathy were evoked and a large public funeral was held. Five more miners were killed on 4 November of that year and a monument was erected for all who had died as the result of accidents in the Mount Morgan Mine; a total of 26 miners between 3 December 1894 and 28 July 1909. The memorial was constructed in 1909 by Busby and Hurlow of Toowong, Brisbane and unveiled by the Mayor of Mount Morgan, John Morrison, on 7 November 1909. It is a fitting memorial in a mining town and a poignant reminder of the danger inherent in mining operations.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery also contains a Chinese ceremonial burner, (a heung lew or xiang lu), thought to be the only one of its type and age in Queensland, which was used for burning symbolic papers and offerings for the dead. There were many Chinese in Mount Morgan from its inception working in mining, trade and market gardening. Most Chinese in Australia in the 19th century were sojourners, working here to earn money and then return home. Traditionally, Chinese who died overseas were buried locally and their remains exhumed and repatriated when this could be arranged by their families. Because of this custom, some burials were accompanied by a bottle containing identification details, rather than by erecting a headstone. Many such burials were not, in fact, relocated and the burner was used both for funerary offerings and for special festival offerings. The shrine is one of the few physical reminders of the Chinese community of Mount Morgan, who played an important role in developing the town. It is not known if there are still accompanying burials.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery also contains a broad range of memorials from the 1880s to the present day, many of a high quality of workmanship.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery contains six Commonwealth war graves of Australian Army soldiers of World War I.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Mount Morgan Cemetery sits on a west facing hill on the east side of the Burnett Highway, south of the township. The cemetery is bounded by a star picket and wire fence with some timber posts on the northern side. There are brick gates, also serving as a columbarium, on the eastern side adjacent to the Apex Park which separates the cemetery from the Highway. A standard stock gate to the north and three pedestrian turnstiles, two along the curved south eastern corner and one along the northern boundary, provide access to the cemetery.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery is divided into sections by paths connecting to a main avenue entered by a cast iron gate and turnstile. Large pines line the path and cast iron seating is found along it. The cemetery is arranged into denominational areas in north-south strips and have been developed east to west up the hill. The cemetery contains a wide array of monumental masonry. The headstones are laid in traditional east/west orientation, most are the work of Rockhampton masons although some were made by masons in Brisbane. A number of the graves are surrounded with iron railings in a variety of designs. There is an extensive range of materials utilised in the construction of the monuments mostly white marble, sandstone and grey granite, but also red granite, iron, concrete and timber. The styles of memorials range from simple Georgian forms to elaborate Gothic, Edwardian and Victorian structures, as well as Art Deco inspired and modern slab and desk types. A high proportion of graves have artificial flowers in glass domes (immortelles), early examples being porcelain and recent ones silk flowers.</p><br>
<p>The Linda Memorial is a concrete structure approximately 6.5 metres high. It comprises a square base surmounted by a broken, reeded column, symbolising life cut short, which is about 2 metres high and surmounted by a wreath. Marble panels on each of the four faces carry the names of miners killed in accidents. Floral emblems including the rose, shamrock and thistle, symbolising the countries of origin of the miners decorate the base of the memorial which is surrounded by a low concrete wall. An inscription on the front of the memorial reads:Erected by their fellow workmen and citizens to the memory of the miners who have lost their lives in the Mount Morgan Mine unveiled 7th November 1909 by James Morrison, Esq., Mayor.</p><br>
<p>The Chinese burner is sited with the hillside rising behind it, regarded as an auspicious location, and is constructed of rendered brick and concrete set on a concrete base. It is approximately 2.230 metres high and comprises a 1.250 metre square base surmounted by a truncated pyramid topped by a small two tiered ornament. There is an oven opening in the centre of one side with a metal door set it in and an opening for removing ash below. Small elongated oval vents are set to the right hand side of 3 faces of the pyramid top.</p><br>
<p>Other monuments of note include:</p><br>
<p>a three metre high Celtic cross with shamrock motif erected for Thomas and Katherine Barret and their children (1910s)</p><br>
<p>a three metre high sandstone broken column with a rusticated pedestal and white marble tablet and a sandstone football for Tom Harrow Manson in 1907 and erected by his many sporting friends</p><br>
<p>white marble slab with an inscription laid in copper to Giovanni Dannetto who "met his death at the copper works", erected by his colleagues in 1909</p><br>
<p>a sandstone sarcophagus with stylised medieval cross in relief for Edward Pigott in 1928</p><br>
<p>a carving of an angel and a white marble stele to Ellen Lyons in 1908</p><br>
<p>a Chinese grave with narrow sandstone headstone with Chinese script to Ah Sha</p><br>
<p>a 1990s memorial cairn for the Bayali, the local Aboriginal people, which marks bones returned from London</p><br>
<p>a number of graves with framed supports on which are set immortelles, some inside protective cylinders</p><br>
<p>There are only a few major plantings, mainly trees, which predominantly include eucalyptus and poinciana. There are some remnant plantings including orchids, mother of millions, various bulbs, aloe, yucca, camellia, oleander and geranium, but evidence on site suggests that other plantings may have been killed by poisoning. Ground cover is a mixture of native and introduced grasses.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Mount Morgan Cemetery including Chinese Shrine and Linda Memorial was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery in its form, memorials and plantings illustrates the history of Mt Morgan, a major mining centre in Queensland which made an important contribution to the economy of the state for over a hundred years.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The Mount Morgan cemetery contains a well-preserved Chinese ceremonial burner believed to be the only example of its kind in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery has the potential to reveal information on burial customs of the late 19th and 20th centuries and on the social fabric of Mount Morgan.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>It is a good example of a regional cemetery in use since the end of the 19th century and includes a broad range of memorials, including some that are idiosyncratic and personalised.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Many of the monuments in Mount Morgan cemetery have aesthetic significance due to the high quality of workmanship and design used in their construction and to their garden setting.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery has a special association with the community of Mount Morgan and the surrounding area.</p><br>
<p>Mount Morgan Masonic Temple is a heritage-listed masonic temple at 2 Gordon Street, Mount Morgan, Rockhampton Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Eaton & Bates and built in 1903 by Newman Brothers. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Mount Morgan Masonic Temple was constructed in about 1903 to the design of Rockhampton architects, Eaton and Bates. The building was constructed by Newman Brothers for a cost of about £1500. The building supervisor was Scottish-born Thomas Glen Cornes (1842-1903), an 1888 foundation member of the Mount Morgan Masonic Lodge No. 763 S.C., its first elected Master in 1889 and superintendent of sawmills and carpenters at the famous Mount Morgan Gold Mining Company Limited.</p><br>
<p>The township of Mount Morgan grew with the establishment of what was to become the richest gold mine in the world. Although small mining claims were made before 1882, the three Morgan Brothers pegged claims which encompassed most of the mountain top in that year. In July they formed a partnership with three Rockhampton businessmen before selling out to them 1886 when the Mount Morgan Gold Mining Company Limited was formed. The township quickly developed, establishing infrastructure for the rapidly increasing population. The company continued until 1929, when a new company and continued to produce gold and copper until it closed in 1990.</p><br>
<p>Discussions about forming a Masonic Lodge in Mount Morgan were held soon after the town was established in 1882, although it was not until 29 May 1888 that an official meeting with the purpose of forming a lodge was held. On June 17, 1888 a second meeting was held and a resolution was passed "that a Masonic Lodge be formed in Mount Morgan under the Scottish Constitution". On 4 August 1888 a Lodge was officially formed and the first meeting held in the local Oddfellows&#39; Hall. The Lodge met in many different places and in 1896 passed a resolution "that the lodge take into consideration the advisability of purchasing a piece of ground for the purpose of building a Masonic Hall".</p><br>
<p>After land in Gordon Street was secured in 1901, a competition was held for the design of the Masonic Temple. A newspaper article in the Queensland Times of Ipswich mentions that a Brisbane architect had been chosen, although Mr Haenke as runner up was to "hold himself in readiness" should the unnamed Brisbane architect be unable to reduce the scope of his design to the budget of about £1000. However, on 10 August 1901 the Lodge met again and reconsidered the tenders, deciding that the design of Messrs Eaton and Bates of Rockhampton was the most appropriate. An article in the Rockhampton Times of 1903 states:The building is a handsome structure of brick, two stories high and with a composite front. The lower portion of the hall may be used as a dining room and made available for dancing and other functions. The cost was &pound;1500, and was erected by Newman Bros of Rockhampton under supervision of TG Cornes, from the plan of Messrs Eaton and Bates, who were the successful architects when competitive designs were called.Eaton and Bates were a partnership of George Thomas Eaton and Albert Edmund Bates who opened an office in Rockhampton in 1894 and following success, opened branch offices throughout Central Queensland. The partnership were responsible for many buildings throughout Queensland including a large number of hotels and other commercial buildings.</p><br>
<p>A small kitchen extension has been added towards the rear, and there is a two-storey concrete block addition to the side. These do not impinge on the original section of the building, which is very intact.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Mount Morgan Masonic Temple is a substantial two-storeyed brick-and-concrete building facing Gordon street. It has a rectangular floor plan and a gabled roof, concealed by a prominent pedimented parapet on the principal facade. This facade is elaborate and classically inspired with a prominent, centrally located entrance portico. It is constructed from face brick with concrete detailing including quoining, base course, pilasters, pediment and entablature. The entrance comprises two substantial banded columns supporting a round-arched vaulted awning which shades a double timber door surmounted by a round-arched fanlight. On the fanlight is lettering "MASONIC HALL AD 1903".</p><br>
<p>Flanking the entrance of the Masonic Hall are two round-arched window openings surrounded by quoining. At the level of the first floor line is a substantial cement-rendered band, divided into three rectangular moulded panels with four blocks which support paired Doric order pilasters. Between the pairs of columns are square headed window openings, surrounded by cement-rendered moulding. The pilasters seem to support a simple entablature at roof level which is surmounted by a triangular pediment which expands over the width of the facade. The tympanum features a large central eye motif flanked by foliated mouldings.</p><br>
<p>There is a large supper room on the ground floor which is used for a variety of social events. The floor above has been braced by inserting a grid of large steel "I" beams below the ceiling of this room. The upper floor is reached by decorative timber stairs and contains an anteroom leading into the lodge room. This is very intact and appears to retains its original furniture. Modern facilities have been housed in additions rather than in the main building. A small timber kitchen annexe with a lean-to roof has been added to the rear south east corner and on the north west side of the building there is a 2-storey addition constructed of unpainted concrete blocks. It is affixed to the temple, but the original wall and windows have not been removed or altered. This contains toilets, a small kitchenette on the upper floor and storage space.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Masonic Temple Mount Morgan was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992, having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The building, a substantial regional example of a Masonic Temple, was constructed in about 1903 and demonstrates the growth and prominence of Mount Morgan in the early twentieth century and the spread of Freemasonry through Queensland in the wake of European settlement.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The building is an excellent example of a substantial masonry Masonic Temple, a category of building prominent in the streetscape and important in the social life of many regional towns.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>It is a well composed and interesting building of considerable architectural merit and, located on a hilltop, has landmark qualities</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The Masonic temple has a special association with those Freemasons living in and around Mt Morgan and with the Freemasonry movement as an early temple in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The River Derreen is a large river in the southeast of Ireland. It rises on central Lugnaquilla Mountain in the western Wicklow Mountains and flows south from Lugnaquilla Mountain and then southwest to join the River Slaney south of Tullow, passing close to Hacketstown and Tullow, Co. Carlow before it joins the Slaney upstream of Aghade bridge. Running through tillage and pastureland in its lower reaches, the Derreen with its sandy, gravelly bottom is a prime salmon spawning tributary of the Slaney.</p><br>
<p>Passing through counties Wicklow and Carlow, it is the first large, major tributary of the River Slaney.</p><br>
<p>Towns on the Derreen include Hacketstown and Tullow. It is crossed mainly by old humpbacked stone bridges. It is a rural river, flowing through only 2 major towns.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>Varied and plentiful wildlife can be found in the environs of the river. In Wicklow, herds of deer can be seen, as well as swans, dippers, wild ducks, herons and kingfishers. At dusk, bats, owls and otters may be seen, while the mudflats of the Slaney estuary are favoured by black-headed gulls, redshanks and oystercatchers. The rare goosander can be seen on the Slaney at Kildavin. The River Derreen holds occasional salmon in the spring but the upper reaches are better known for trout, averaging 0.5lbs. The best of the fishing is from March to June. It is primarily a Brown Trout fishery. In season, brown trout, salmon, sea trout and occasional pike are fished. There are two angling clubs with fishing rights on the Derreen River and the remainder is in private hands. It also a habitat of the freshwater pearl mussel.</p><br>
<h2>Other Slaney Tributaries</h2><br>
<p>Other tributaries of the Slaney include the River Derry, the River Clody, the River Bann, the River Urrin, the River Boro, and the River Sow.</p><br>
<p>Mount Morgan School of Arts is a heritage-listed school of arts at 31 Morgan Street, Mount Morgan, Rockhampton Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1924. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The School of Arts was opened in Mount Morgan in April 1924 and was the third School of Arts in the town, built following the demolition by fire of the previous building.</p><br>
<p>The township of Mount Morgan grew with the establishment of what was to become the richest gold mine in the world. Although small mining claims occurred before 1882, the three Morgan Brothers pegged claims which encompassed most of the mountain top in that year. In July they formed a partnership with three Rockhampton businessmen before selling out to them in 1886 when the Mount Morgan Gold Mining Company Limited was formed. The township quickly developed, establishing infrastructure for the rapidly increasing population. The company continued until 1929 when a new company and continued to produce gold and copper until it closed in 1990.</p><br>
<p>A School of Arts was built in Mount Morgan in 1889 and opened on 11 September 1891. It was destroyed by fire. A School of Arts Reserve was proclaimed in 1895 and a new building was constructed but was also razed by fire on 25 April 1923. A special meeting of the School of Arts Committee was held in the Commonwealth Bank on 26 April 1923 to discuss the erection of another building. The library of the School of Arts was re-opened in St Mary&#39;s Institute which was leased by the School of Arts Committee, with books imported from London by the Mount Morgan Mine Manager, Adam Alexander Boyd.</p><br>
<p>The School of Arts Committee decided to approach Mr Boyd about the rebuilding of the School of Arts and he agreed that his Company would supply plans for the building. Tenders were called but both tenders submitted were rejected on the basis of price. It was suggested that construction by day labour would reduce costs and the building was eventually erected on this basis by W. Butcher and R.A Ames. The cost was largely covered by a loan of £3000 from the Queensland Government.</p><br>
<p>The library and reading room were completed and opened to the public on 24 April 1924, the hall itself was opened with a Grand Ball held on 20 August 1924. The hall has been used for a wide variety of purposes, including the screening of films, balls, theatrical performances and most large scale public events occurring in the town. During World War II, American soldiers stationed at Rockhampton used the place for accommodation and recreation.</p><br>
<p>Extensive refurbishment was undertaken in 2011 by the Rockhampton Regional Council which now manages the building.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Mount Morgan School of Arts comprises two rectangular timber buildings with gabled roofs set on stumps: a very large hall and an adjacent library of more modest scale, parallel to each other and connected by a timber walkway secured by a gate at either end. The buildings are across the road from the former Queensland National Hotel and are separated by a large vacant block from the Grand Hotel.</p><br>
<p>The roof of the hall is divided into two sections, that over the rear, stage end of the building is elevated from the principal roof line and reflects the internal space required by a fly tower for raising and lowering scenery. There is an awning to the street supported on timber posts with fretwork brackets linked by a decorative frieze panel. Above the awning in a symmetrical arrangement are large circular and triangular openings filled with fixed timber louvres and two round arched windows. There is a central recessed entrance door flanked by two smaller entrances. On the side of the hall away from the library a small verandah runs along the building in front of the crash doors. A modern toilet block constructed of concrete blocks with a corrugated iron roof adjoins the building. The under stage area at the rear is now used as a child care centre.</p><br>
<p>The hall interior is a large rectangular space with exposed beams and a timber floor. It is lit by louvred windows in the side walls that also have four sets of crush doors. There is a stage at one end with provision for scenery and a small orchestra pit. The proscenium arch is sheeted with decorative pressed metal. On either side of the front entrance doors are internal stairs that lead up to a large dress circle with a raked floor. This has fold up seating and a projection box which is now empty. Beneath the staircases and extending slightly into the hall are two small ticket boxes. To the right of the main entrance there is a large curved snack bar counter with a laminex top incorporating a small refrigerated showcase. The walls below the gallery are lined with horizontal beaded timber boards and those to the main part of the hall are lined with fibrous cement sheeting.</p><br>
<p>The School of Arts Library is a simple rectangular building clad with weatherboard. At the front the roof is concealed by a stepped parapet. The central street entrance is flanked by a pair of sash windows. The rear and sides of the building have windows of a domestic scale shaded by sunhoods. It is in currently use as the Municipal library and tourist information centre.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The Mount Morgan School of Arts was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Mount Morgan School of Arts hall and library are important as elements in the network of Schools of Arts which sprang up in any town of consequence in Queensland during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. They were community based and played a valuable educational and social role in the dissemination of information and the provision of facilities for lectures, meetings, games of skill and the staging of community events such as balls, plays and concerts.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>They are good examples of School of Arts buildings comprising a hall and library and designed to provide the facilities for a wide range of community cultural events and needs, the large size of the hall demonstrating the size and importance of Mount Morgan in the 1920s.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The buildings are a significant as part of the townscape of Mount Morgan because of its scale and location close to the town centre.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The School of Arts is important for its connection with the community of Mount Morgan as an integral part of the social and community life of the town.</p><br>
<p>Queensland National Hotel is a heritage-listed former hotel at 28 Morgan Street, Mount Morgan, Rockhampton Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by John William Wilson and built in 1890. It is also known as Wesleyan Mission Hall. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Queensland National Hotel is a two-storey timber hotel in Mount Morgan, designed in 1890 by Rockhampton architect, John William Wilson, for widow Sarah Heiser who, together with other family members, was to run several hotels in the district.</p><br>
<p>The township of Mount Morgan grew with the establishment of what was to become the richest gold mine in the world. Although small mining claims occurred before 1882, the three Morgan Brothers pegged claims which encompassed most of the mountain top in that year. In July they formed a partnership with three Rockhampton businessmen before selling out to them 1886 when the Mount Morgan Gold Mining Company Limited was formed. By the following year even the Post Office Directory noted that "the importance of this place as a goldfield can scarcely be exaggerated." This led to the rapid development of a township to provide an infrastructure for the increasing population. This development included the construction of a number of hotels, of which the Queensland National was one of the most elaborate.</p><br>
<p>The land on which the former hotel stands was purchased by James Whitman in 1887. As surveys and land sales on goldfields frequently formalised existing property developments, it is possible that there was already a building on the site and a license had been previously granted to Bridget Schneider for a hotel of this name in Mount Morgan. The site was well located on a high point of land between the Post Office and the Queensland National Bank, from which the hotel is assumed to have taken its name, possibly to help visitors to the town to find it easily. Whitman only held the land briefly before selling it to Alfred Palmer who then sold to Sarah Heiser in 1888. She had held a license for the Queensland National Hotel from 1887 and was one of the earliest publicans in Mount Morgan. In 1890, as the wealth and population of Mount Morgan grew, a splendid new hotel was designed for her by John William Wilson.</p><br>
<p>Wilson was born in Scotland and immigrated to Ballarat around 1854 where he participated in the Eureka Stockade and is reputed to have designed the Eureka flag. In 1864 he moved to Rockhampton where he worked initially as a builder before setting up an architectural practice there in the early 1870s. During the course of a long career, he designed over 200 buildings in Rockhampton and the surrounding district, including many public and commercial buildings such as the Rockhampton School of Arts, Imperial and Commercial Hotels and the Harbour Board Building.</p><br>
<p>Mount Morgan boomed in the 1890s and a cluster of other hotels were soon erected. These not only provided much needed accommodation for boarders and visitors to the town, but offered meals, such facilities as sample rooms for commercial travellers and billiard rooms for recreation and acted as informal clubs. These functions made them very important in the life of a town, particularly a mining centre where many single men might be working. Mrs Heiser went on to hold the licences for a second Queensland National Hotel in Bajool and the Metropole in Mount Morgan until she died in 1909. The Queensland National was leased for some of this period, but also run by Zalic Heiser between 1899 and 1909. The hotel was finally put up for sale by the estate in 1925.</p><br>
<p>The tower of the former hotel is the best observation point in Mount Morgan and was used during World War II by the "Mt Morgan Volunteer Air Observer Corps" to maintain a 24-hour watch. They informed Rockhampton base of allied aircraft movements to the west and possible enemy aircraft as Mount Morgan, being a source of essential materials, was considered a possible target.</p><br>
<p>A new mining company was formed in 1929 from the Mount Morgan Gold Mining Company and continued to produce gold and copper until it closed in 1990. Following the closure of the mine the population of the own reduced sharply. The Queensland National Hotel&#39;s license was revoked on 23 July 1992 and the building was put up for sale by auction.</p><br>
<p>In early 1993 it was purchased by the current owners to serve primarily as venue for church related activities and they took up residence there in 1994. Some modifications were made to the hotel to adapt it for its new use, such as the removal of the bars and refrigerators, but change has been relatively minor. It has been since used for religious services, including weddings, and for youth camps, residential schools, conferences and other events. The number of people using the building fell as people moved away from Mount Morgan and Rockhampton is now the centre of church activities for the region. The last religious service was held in the hotel in 1999 and it was last used for any church purpose in 2000.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Queensland National Hotel is a symmetrically composed two storey timber building with a central and is located on Morgan Street, Mount Morgan.</p><br>
<p>The building has an awning to the street supported on timber columns with a verandah to the upper floor. This upper section features three gabled projections, the central one of which is surmounted by an octagonal tower with a lantern. There are cast iron balustrade panels to the upper floor verandah and the tower. The upper verandah to the rear of the building has dowel balustrading and has had rooms inserted for toilets. The hipped roof is clad with corrugated iron.</p><br>
<p>The core building has exposed studs and is lined with beaded boards. The side verandahs have been built in and fibrous cement sheet and batten cladding applied to that section now used as a dining room. The side verandah on the opposite side of the building is now built in with modern fibrous cement planking.</p><br>
<p>On the ground floor, rooms open from a central hall with a staircase to the upper floor. There are indications of walls being shifted or removed, which appears to have occurred over many years. At least some original joinery is cedar and the doors, door handles and staircase in the hall are of high quality. The doors into the bar have quite ornate brass and timber handles. The main bar area is now open space without bar counters. Under the front section of the room is a small brick- lined cellar with a concrete floor.</p><br>
<p>The kitchen was originally detached and is now connected to the main building, though it is on a slightly higher level than the rest of the ground floor. It is lined and ceiled with beaded boards and contains modern kitchen benches and a commercial gas range.</p><br>
<p>The upper floor appears little changed and has bedrooms opening out from a central hallway with a linen press at the end. The rooms are lined with horizontal beaded boards and have 4 panel doors and clear glass transom lights to the hall with French lights leading on to the verandah.</p><br>
<p>The tower is accessed through a trapdoor at the top of a narrow stair. There is a small platform from which extensive views of the town and coastal area can be had. It has a timber floor and timber ceiling to the cupola with a balustrade of cast iron panels.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Queensland National Hotel was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Mining has played an important role in the development of Queensland and Mt Morgan was an extraordinarily rich mine that operated for over a hundred years, making a major contribution to the economy of the state and the development of the region. As good quality hotel from the early years of the establishment of the township, the former Queensland National Hotel demonstrates the rapid growth and importance of the field at this time.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The former Queensland National Hotel is important as a good example of a substantial timber hotel of its era in form and layout, employing strong architectural features and prominent siting to attract custom.</p><br>
<p>It is connected with the life and work of noted regional architect John William Wilson as a good quality commercial building designed by him.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Because the former hotel is prominently sited on a high point of the main street in Mount Morgan and is a well composed and detailed building, it makes an important contribution to the streetscape and character of the town.</p><br>
<p>St Mary&#39;s Anglican Church is a State heritage-listed church at 11 Gordon Street, Mount Morgan, Rockhampton Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed and built in 1888-1889 by Scottish-born Thomas Glen Cornes , superintendent of sawmills and carpenters at the Mount Morgan Gold Mining Company Limited. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 25 August 2000.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1889 or earlier, English-born James Wesley (Wesley) Hall (1839-1901), the first general manager of the Mount Morgan Gold Mining Company Limited (Oct. 1886 – Dec. 1891), and Mount Morgans first mayor (1890-1891), donated the funds required for the erection of St Marys Anglican Church, in Gordon Street, Mount Morgan. The Vicar at this time was Reverend G.L. Wallace, and the "first Confirmation Service was held at the end of 1889, forty-seven candidates being presented to Bishop Webber of Brisbane". This event taking place prior to the formation of the separate Rockhampton Diocese (in 1892).</p><br>
<p>The great benefactor of St Marys Anglican Church was James Wesley (Wesley) Hall (1839-1901). Wesley Hall was the general manager of the Mount Morgan gold mining syndicate from 1884 to 1886 and the first general manager of Mount Morgan Gold Mining Company Limited from 1886 until he resigned in December 1891. He was also a brother to the Mines other influential Hall brothers, Thomas Skarratt Hall and Walter Russell Hall.</p><br>
<p>Wesley Hall also took an interest in the Mount Morgan township when he became the first mayor of the Mount Morgan Borough Council in 1890.</p><br>
<p>He was also instrumental in instituting in 1894 the symbol of Central Queensland soccer – the Wesley Hall Cup – a challenge trophy for the Mount Morgan British Association Football Union. Wesley Hall bought the ornate-silver trophy in London (where he was living at the time) and had it shipped to Rockhampton in 1894. Beautifully engraved on the trophy is "Challenge Cup. Presented by Mr and Mrs Wesley Hall". His wife was Melbourne-born Mary Frederica Dora (Dora) Hall (nee Dempster) (1864-1895).</p><br>
<p>With Wesley Halls resignation from the Mine in December 1891, the first phase of the Mount Morgan Companys history has been said to have ended:He had guided it through its formative years with skill and dedication until it achieved fame as the richest single gold mine in the world. Unlike his two brothers who "dabbled" in mining, Wesley Hall was an experienced practical miner. He was responsible for building the Lower and Top Works which increased gold extractions to ninety-eight per cent. The Top works were probably the largest of their kind in the world at the time, so his pride in the mine was justified.Though resigned as Manager, Wesley Hall still maintained an interest in the Mine as one of the Company&#39;s Board members. With his death on 7 January 1901 (aged 61) in Melbourne, his position on the Board was replaced by Kelso King.</p><br>
<p>The extant St Marys Anglican Church is a red brick building constructed from bricks made in Mount Morgans own brick works. Other Mount Morgan buildings similarly constructed include the Grand Hotel (1901) on the corner of Central and Morgan Streets, and the Masonic Temple in Gordon Street. One heritage study detailed:The church is built of red faced bricks and comprises two parts - the main church building, and a vestry addition. The building is unusual for its octagonal apse, which is roofed in sheet iron. The walls of the church have solid brick buttresses and small lancet windows. The interior remains relatively intact: the apse features a timber lined ceiling with exposed joists.The first Church of England erected in Mount Morgan "was a wood and iron structure on the site of the present hall". Besides the existing 1889 Church is a small timber belltower that is presumed to remain from the first church building. At the rear of the present church is located the St Marys Church hall. This Church Hall was erected in 1902 on the site of the original church. This Hall has been described as "one of the finest timber halls in the town, both because of its design and also its integrity". The Hall&#39;s verandahs comprising alternating large and small timber dowelling balustrades, with a portico entrance with a small gable vent.</p><br>
<p>St Lukes Anglican Church in Mount Morgan was opened on Sunday 14 October 1888 by the resident priest, Rev. John Vosper. Despite being built of brick, on 22 December 1888, it was wrecked by a severe gale with repairs estimated at £400. Following a public fundraising, repairs were underway in July 1889. The church was re-opened as St Marys Anglican Church on Sunday 8 September 1889 by the Bishop of Brisbane, William Webber.</p><br>
<p>St Marys Anglican Church was consecrated by Bishop Nathaniel Dawes, the first Bishop of Rockhampton, on 5 October 1899. The Churchs rector at this time was the Reverend H.T. Hainsselin.</p><br>
<p>The first Anglican cleric to reach nearby Rockhampton was Queenslands first Anglican Bishop, Bishop Edward Tufnell, in November 1860, though lay ministers held Anglican services in Rockhampton during the late 1850s. Following shortly after Tufnells visit, The Rev. Thomas Jones arrived at Rockhampton, becoming the popular pioneer Anglican Rector. Jones encouraged his congregation to raise sufficient funds in 1862 to allow construction of a small timber church to be built on what later became the site of the present Cathedral Hall and Offices. Later more funds were raised for a new and larger church with plans drawn up and construction beginning on St Pauls Church in 1872, though this building was not completed and consecrated until 1883. In 1892 the Church of England Diocese of Rockhampton was formed and the St Pauls Church was upgraded becoming the Cathedral Church of Saint Paul the Apostle. The foundation bishop, The Right Reverend Nathaniel Dawes, was formally emplaced on 30 November 1892.</p><br>
<p>Reverend Arthur Augustuss Fellows (1967) autobiographical history of life and service in the Rockhampton Anglican Diocese states work on the "initial beautifying of St Marys Church in the Mount" was carried out during the residence of Rev. Farnham Maynard (1910s – resigned April 1920). It was during this period that there was "added the Rood Screen, the Baptistry and the Vestry at the west end of the Church". On these, and later additions to St Marys interior decoration, Fellows pointed out that the:"... Rood Screen in St. Marys was a Memorial of World War 1 (although the Crucifix on the top of it did not arrive from England until the time of the Reverend W.B. Charles). As a Memorial of World War II, we put in the two stained-glass windows in the Sanctuary - the Annunciation and the Nativity - as well as the side chapel dedicated to St. Oswald, King Martyr."During Canon E.A. Wights residence (1939–42), the corrugated iron roof of the St Marys Church was replaced by a fibro corrugated roof.</p><br>
<p>The emergence of the Oxford Movement and its effect on the practice of the Church of England occurred during the early decades of the 19th century:After the threat of liberalism had receded another challenge arose, with the growth of scientific discovery... In 1833, spurred by John Keble&#39;s Assize Sermon at Oxford, a group of theologians began to fight against liberalism and the new science. Their crusade became known as the Oxford Movement... They set out to create - or to re-create - a Church that was chiefly concerned not with social and political influence but with spirituality and its expression through ritual, as had been the concern of the Catholic Revival.Although the Oxford Movement was largely concerned with doctrinal reform of the Church of England, it also affected "the interior arrangements of churches; older churches were remodelled and new churches built... with the focus on the altar rather than the pulpit."</p><br>
<p>The rood-screen is an example of the effect of this Movement on internal church architecture, often viewed "an open screen, often richly carved and painted, across the entrance to the chancel of a church, extending from floor level to the underside of the rood-beam." The rood-screen extant within St Marys was erected after the end of World War One. Most rood-screens found in the Rockhampton Anglican Diocese were erected as World War One Memorials. Within the Diocese of Rockhampton, apart from the example in St Marys in Mount Morgan, the only other extant examples of rood-screens are found in the Anglican churches at Jericho, Barcaldine, and St Mark&#39;s in Allenstown, Rockhampton.</p><br>
<p>Mount Morgan is a gold and copper mining town, that throughout much of its life has experienced only the effect of one major mine and one mining corporation involved in its activities at any one time. "The existence of a single mine and the longevity of the mine make Mount Morgan outstanding in Queensland mining history". And as part of this phenomenon, the fluctuations in the fortunes of the mine and its company have similarly affected upon the township itself, causing fluctuations in employment, town population and the town&#39;s size.</p><br>
<p>Despite the ebb and flow of the town&#39;s fortunes, Mount Morgan still retains much of its early character evident in the scale of its buildings and their siting. "It has a fine collection of town buildings - Churches, Halls, Shops, Hotels, and civic buildings: Court House, Police Station, Shire Hall, and Railway Station. Together these buildings reflect the scale of the town and its dependence upon a single mining operation – very few of the buildings are of high-style architecture but are vernacular in character."</p><br>
<p>The extant St Marys Church in Gordon Street is a product of the initial development of the town of Mount Morgan following the discovery of gold and the establishment of the mine from 1885–86. The formal establishment of Mount Morgans town life is typified by the various services, societies, and churches which established themselves during 1885–1891. At its peak in the 1910s, Mount Morgan had a town population estimated at 14,000, but by 1976 this had diminished to only 3,246.</p><br>
<p>The hilly terrain in which the Mount Morgan township was spawned is one of the towns most dominant features. These hills, combined with the grid layout of the town has produced quite unusual effects where "some quite modest buildings are very prominent within the townscape, because of their hillside location, and the townscape importance of larger buildings is heightened, due to their location at the tops of ridges." This includes the visibility of St Marys Church, but is even more pronounced with regards to the Masonic Hall, that is also situated on Gordon Street.</p><br>
<p>In October 2014, St Mary&#39;s celebrated its 125th anniversary.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<h3>St Mary's Church</h3><br>
<p>The main St Marys Anglican Church building runs parallel to Gordon Street in Mount Morgan township, and is of two distinct components: the original Church with octagonal apse (eastern end); and a later added vestry (western end). St Marys Church is a prominent visual element in both the Gordon Street and greater Mount Morgan township built landscape. This Church is part of an Anglican church site that also contains a church hall, rectory, and bell tower.</p><br>
<p>The extant church is a substantial red faced brick building, featuring external solid brick buttresses and lancet windows. The apse section of the church has metal roof sheeting. Whereas the main roof of the church – a simple gable roof – is clad in asbestos roof sheeting material. The vestry addition to the church is also of red brick, and has a corrugated sheet metal gabled roof. This structure has windows and doors that reflect the form of the original church building. Storm water from the main church structure and the vestry is collected in two separate concrete water tanks that are visually obtrusive. These storm water tanks are situated on the Gordon Street side of the main church building.</p><br>
<p>The bell tower is a timber framed tower, situated on the Gordon Street side of the main church building.</p><br>
<p>The interior of St Marys Church remains relatively intact. The apse features a timber-lined ceiling with exposed joists, and the internal walls are rendered brick. An important internal decorative feature of St Marys Anglican Church is the extant rood screen. Internal church roof features include exposed truss work and roof purloins with no ceiling lining, thereby exposing the underside of the roof sheeting material.</p><br>
<h3>Church Hall</h3><br>
<p>St Mary&#39;s Anglican Church Hall is a fine extant example of a timber hall, which is slightly elevated off ground level on small timber stumps. The church hall is clad in timber weatherboards, and is rectangular in shape with a gabled roof lined with corrugated metal sheeting. The hall has verandahs to eastern and western elevations, with a portico entrance with a small gable vent to the southern end. Verandahs on this Hall contain a combination of original timber dowelling balustrades, and more recent metal additions associated with walkways.</p><br>
<p>Internally the hall is lined with timber VJ boards, and the roof has exposed truss work.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>St Mary&#39;s Anglican Church was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 25 August 2000 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>St Marys Anglican Church complex is important in demonstrating the pattern of evolution of the central Queensland mining town of Mount Morgan, and the concomitant role of the Church of England in meeting the needs of this important mining communitys Anglican parishioners.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>St Mary&#39;s demonstrates a rare example of internal church decoration by possessing an extant example of a Rood-screen, an aspect of internal church architecture associated with the influences of the Oxford Movement.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>This church also exhibits particular aesthetic characteristics contributing to both the streetscape of Gordon Street, as well as being a significant component of the broader historic Mount Morgan township landscape, valued not only by the local Mount Morgan parishioner community, but also the broader community.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>This place has a special association with both the Mount Morgan and broader Rockhampton Anglican community for both social and spiritual reasons. This special association also extends to recognition of Mount Morgan&#39;s Anglican mining community, and the contributions of James Wesley Hall in establishing the current Church building.</p><br>
<p>The Historic Moravian Bethlehem Historic District encompasses a complex of the oldest surviving buildings in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. The National Historic Landmark District is a subset of the larger Central Bethlehem Historic District which is specifically focused on the early buildings constructed by the Moravians who settled the city in the 18th century. The district was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2012 for its unique assemblage of communal religious buildings and history.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Historic Moravian Bethlehem Historic District occupies a discontiguous 14.7 acre area of central Bethlehem. Its central core consists of the Moravian Museum of Bethlehem and adjacent properties, located at Main and West Church Streets east of Monocacy Creek which is a tributary of Lehigh River in Northampton County. The museum property includes a connected series of 18th-century stone buildings, several of which served as communal living facilities, and a 1751 chapel. One of these, the Gemeinhaus, (Also known as the Lewis David de Schweinitz Residence or the Moravian Museum.) is a National Historic Landmark for its association with botanist and mycologist Lewis David de Schweinitz who used to take up residence in the building. The museum also owns properties near the creek, including the industrial 1761 tannery building, and the 1762 Waterworks (Also known as Old Waterworks), which is also a National Historic Landmark as the first pump-driven North American municipal water supply. This area is also archaeologically significant, as the early Moravians developed it industrially from an early period. Non-museum properties include the 1803-06 Central Moravian Church, the Gods Acre (Moravian burial ground) ,and the 1758-60 Moravian Sun Inn, located further up Main Street. Gods Acre has been established as one of the oldest colonial cemeteries in America. Sun Inn was created as a place for non Moravian people to take up residence while they did any sort of business with the people that lived in the town. The Sun Inn was used often during the American Revolution. It was used by a few important people in history such as George Washington, Martha Washington, Benjamin Franklin, Samuel Adams, John Hancock and John Adams.</p><br>
<p>Bethlehem was settled in 1741, and was the first successful community established by German Moravian Church adherents in North America. It consequently became a central point for later Moravian settlements across what is now the eastern United States. Because some of its earliest communal buildings were built in stone, they have survived the subsequent history of the city. These buildings house the communitys single men and women (segregated by sex), and served as its early places of worship (the Gemeinhaus). Bethlehem remained under strong Moravian religious influence until the early 19th century, when the community began to become more secular. One of the living facilities segregated by sex in this area was called the Single Sisters House and it is a place where single Moravian women would live before they were married or after they were widowed. There were three significant additions to the Sisters House after it was built. The original version of the Single Sisters House was built in 1744 and was a two story stone building that lacked a basement and a kitchens. Then there was the second version of the Sisters House which was when a Northern Wing was added to the Sisters House. The Northern Wing included a few new changes to building which were a new dormitory a larger dining area and in the later future a chapel. The next addition that was made was the last addition made to the building. The addition included a building that was raised above the building on a basement and it was the first time that architectural detail was included in a Moravian building. The Single Sisters House is located on West Church Street near the Bethlehem Public Library. The Single Brethens House was a building that served the same purpose except it was a place where single and widowed Moravian men would live.The Single Brethens House is located on Main Street.</p><br>
<p>Aiyangiyang is a basin in southern Turkana, Kenya, southeast of Lodwar. It is known by nomadic pastoralists for its seasonal water availability, and is an important archaeological and paleontological site with artifacts and remains from the African Middle and Late Stone Ages.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and Environment</h2><br>
<p>Aiyangiyang is a basin and seasonal delta, sometimes described as a swamp, in Turkana County northern Kenya. In a region largely characterized by desert or scrubland, Aiyangiyang receives water flow from streams that drain northward from the western edge of the Napadet Hills.</p><br>
<p>When filled with water, Aiyangiyang&#39;s mud soils provide a temporary lake that may reach six kilometers in diameter, and becomes an important landmark for people and wildlife in the surrounding region.</p><br>
<h2>Geology and Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>Aiyangiyang is the site of stone tool, ceramic, and ostrich eggshell jewelry, with some artifacts dating to the African Middle Stone Age. The basin is also adjacent to the Pliocene Nakechichok archaeological and paleontological site. Aiyangiyang preserves Late Stone Age stratigraphic layers including both archaeological and faunal remains throughout its basin.</p><br>
<p>Scientific research at Aiyangiyang is conducted in part by the Later Prehistory of West Turkana group.</p><br>
<h2>People Movements</h2><br>
<p>Aiyangiyang is an important geographic feature in the itinerary of Turkana and Pokot nomads living in Southern Turkana.</p><br>
<p>Coronation Lamp is a heritage-listed war memorial at Morgan Street, Mount Morgan, Rockhampton Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Arthur Jenks and built from 1902 to 1947. It is also known as Boer War Memorial and The Coronation Light. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Coronation Lamp and Boer War Memorial was erected on the 26 June 1902 as part of Mount Morgan&#39;s coronation celebrations. The memorial was commissioned by the Mount Morgan Municipal Council and is thought to be designed by Arthur Jenks who, at the time, was Clerk of Works for the erection of the Mount Morgan Technical College. As well as commemorating the coronation of King Edward VII, it also honours the Mount Morgan troopers who died in the Boer War in South Africa. It originally stood at the intersection of Morgan and East Streets, and although known as the Coronation Lamp, the lamp eventually became the site of Anzac Day commemorations, the first in 1916 and also of victory celebrations at the end of the First World War.</p><br>
<p>In 1947, the Coronation Lamp was relocated to Anzac Park when the main street was bituminised.</p><br>
<p>The township of Mount Morgan grew with the establishment of what was to become the richest single gold mine in the world. Although small mining claims had occurred previously, in 1882 the three Morgan Brothers pegged claims which encompassed most of the mountain top. In July of the same year, they formed a partnership with three Rockhampton businessmen. They became extremely prosperous before selling out to their partners in 1886 who then formed the Mount Morgan Gold Mining Company Limited. The township quickly developed, setting up a much needed infrastructure. The three partners continued the company business until 1929 when a new company was formed after many miners disputes. The mine continued to produce gold and copper until it closed in 1990.</p><br>
<p>At the time of the Boer War, the citizens of Mount Morgan showed a great deal of patriotism. The local children were encouraged to donate pennies to be melted down to form the huge Mafeking bell which originally hung in the Town Hall.</p><br>
<p>The Mount Morgan memorial was constructed at an early phase of the history of war memorials in the state. After the First World War, the construction of war memorials was prolific. Australian war memorials are valuable evidence of imperial and national loyalties, at the time not seen as conflicting; the skills of local stonemasons, metalworkers and architects; and of popular taste.</p><br>
<p>Although there are now many different types of memorials throughout Queensland there are few Boer Memorials and only one known one in the form of a lamp. The memorial at Mount Morgan was originally a gas lamp but has since been converted to electricity.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Boer War Memorial is situated in Anzac Park facing West Street in Mount Morgan. The park is on a sloping site with the Mount Morgan Gold and Copper Works in the background. It stands close to the road and is surrounded by mature trees. A sign which displays the name of the park is located directly in front of the memorial. Also located in the park, directly behind the Boer War Memorial is the First World War Memorial.</p><br>
<p>The painted concrete memorial comprises a concrete pedestal surmounted by a lamp. The pedestal sits on a base capped with a cyma recta moulding. The pedestal itself has recessed sections with mouldings to each face. The front and rear faces have marble plates with cut and blackened lettering commemorating the local men who fell in the Boer War and celebrating the Coronation. The dado is capped by a large entablature comprising a frieze and cornice of multiple steps and mouldings. The cornice is surmounted by two more steps which form a base for the lamp.</p><br>
<p>The lamp is a cast iron gas standard, approximately 15 feet high. It is fluted and culminates in an Egyptian capital. Extending from the capital are two iron rods on either side and two fluorescent lights from the top.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The Coronation Lamp War Memorial was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>War memorials are important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland&#39;s history as they are representative of a recurrent theme that involved most communities throughout the state. They provide evidence of an era of widespread Australian patriotism and nationalism, particularly during and following the First World War. The monuments manifest a unique documentary record and are demonstrative of popular taste in the inter-war period.</p><br>
<p>This Boer War Memorial is an important Queensland monument. The memorial was constructed at an early phase of the history of war memorials in the state and is one of the few memorials in Queensland to commemorate the involvement and death of Queensland soldiers in the Boer War of 1899–1902.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>After the First World War, memorials were erected in most Queensland towns, however in 1902, when this memorial was unveiled, they were still quite rare. This particular memorial is also rare as the first known memorial in Queensland to the Boer War and as the only memorial to commemorate both the Boer War and the Coronation of King Edward VII. As a lamp, it is an unusual type of memorial.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The memorial and its setting contribute to the aesthetic qualities of the townscape. The memorial is of aesthetic significance for its high level of workmanship and design.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>It has a strong and continuing association with the community as evidence of the impact of a major historic event and as the focal point for the remembrance of that event.</p><br>
<p>Lakes Creek Hotel is a heritage-listed hotel at 431 Lakes Creek Road, Koongal, Rockhampton Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Eaton & Bates and built in 1895 by T Moir. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The third hotel on the site, Lake&#39;s Creek Hotel was constructed in 1895 by builder T Moir, to a design by prominent Rockhampton architectural firm Eaton and Bates.</p><br>
<p>Lakes Creek was given its name after Captain Lake, who would run his ship into the creek to take on fresh water during the earliest days of Rockhamptons shipping industry during the 1850s. With the township of Rockhampton surveyed and established in 1859, outlying districts on both sides of the river were included and settled with increasing rapidity during the 1860s, including the district of Lakes Creek. The development of Lakes Creek as a village in its own right began in earnest in 1871 with the establishment of industry, educational, secular and social buildings in the form of construction of the Central Queensland Meat Preserving Company, school, church and public house.</p><br>
<p>With Cawarral Road (now Emu Park Road) commencing at Lakes Creek, at the site of the hotel, the establishment of a community there was important to the early development of the nearby settlements of Cawarral, Coorooman Creek and Emu Park. Lakes Creek Hotel became a "jumping off" point for the horse-drawn coach service to Emu Park, which was a four-hour journey one-way from Rockhampton.</p><br>
<p>While the business generated from the neighbouring meatworks would have been an influencing factor in choosing the site of a public house, it would not necessarily have precluded the decision to construct a hotel due to the rapid expansion of settlements, industry, agriculture and pastoralism between the Lake&#39;s Creek and Emu Park.</p><br>
<p>The first public house to be constructed opposite the new meatworks establishment in 1871 was considered by The Morning Bulletin as an unusually large and commodius hotel. While no plan or sketch of the Star Hotel could be found, its description is given as sixty feet by forty, containing seven or eight rooms, and fairly furnished.</p><br>
<p>Under the direction of James Cadden, the first licensee, the Star Hotel hosted social events that drew patrons from Rockhampton, including celebrations for the 1872 New Years Day Picnic. Travel to and from Lake&#39;s Creek for the southern settlers was by punt, the standard form of transport in the years prior to the construction of the first bridge across the Fitzroy River. Northern settlers were able to make their way to the hotel by way of a bush track that would eventually become Lakes Creek Road by means of foot, horse or buggy.</p><br>
<p>In 1877, the Star Hotel was renamed the Quarrys Arms Hotel. By 1879 the Quarrys Arms was under ownership of James Fenzi, with Martin Zimmerman holding the barmans licence. At three oclock in the morning of January 6, 1880, the Quarrys Arms burnt to the ground. Reports at the time suggested that the fire was started by rats gnawing through shelving in the bar, causing bottles of liquor to fall and somehow ignite. The single story timber building was consumed within ten minutes of the start of the blaze. It appears probable that Martin Zimmerman purchased the site from James Fenzi and constructed a new hotel, presumably another single story house built also of timber, and named it the Lakes Creek Hotel.</p><br>
<p>This second structure continued to serve local patrons and travellers along the Cawarral Road and was purchased in 1890 by Thomas McLaughlin (Senior), the founder of Rockhamptons famous "Mac Beer" and owner of the Fitzroy Brewery in Quay Street during the 1880s and early 1890s, until his death at sea in 1892 whilst travelling to New Zealand. His company, Thomas McLaughlin & Co., was managed by his sons Joseph and Daniel who continued to run the Lakes Creek Hotel. Ownership of the hotel stayed in the family until its sale in 1971 to the Victorian company, Carlton United Brewery. During the 1980s, the hotel once more passed into local ownership, being purchased first by the McClymont family, then to Leigh Wanless, before being sold to the current owners in 1994.</p><br>
<p>It was not long before the demands of the growing village of Lake&#39;s Creek, local settlers and travellers to the communities along the Cawarral Road and the township of Emu Park, caused the owners of the hotel to consider expanding their establishment to supply the needs of an increasing patronage. On April 2, 1895, The Morning Bulletin advertised for tenders for the erection and completion of extensive hotel premises, Lakes Creek, for D. McLaughlin, Esq., under the direction of Messrs. Eaton and Bates, newly established architects for Rockhampton and surrounding districts who offered to provide designs with all the latest improvements.</p><br>
<p>Messrs GT Eaton and AE Bates formed a partnership after working for John Kirkpatrick in Sydney, where they practiced for a short time before heading North to Rockhampton where their services would be found to be very much in demand by the prosperous and growing township and surrounding areas. Eaton and Bates were the architects of a number of Central Queensland buildings including the offices of the Central Queensland Meat Export Co., commercial buildings; town residences and villas, and hotels throughout Mount Morgan, Rockhampton, Gladstone and Longreach.</p><br>
<p>On April 18, 1895, The Morning Bulletin published an editorial of a successful tender by Mr. T. Moir for the construction of the new Lakes Creek Hotel for the sum of £1773. The article provides details of the floor plan of the new hotel, including descriptions of rooms, hallways, amenities, servants facilities, stables and a brick cellar built under the bar.</p><br>
<p>The Bulletin described how, originally the hotel was raised on stumps to three feet (approx. one metre), with the first floor plan containing the bar within the bay windows, the eastern-most bay bearing a doorway for direct access to the main bar. The bar area itself was divided into two areas, a smaller section that housed a store room, and later a cold room, and was accessed from the main verandah or internally via the passages. The larger, main bar area serviced the eastern verandah and street entrance. Access to the cellar was likely obtained behind the servery area of the bar itself. The proprietor&#39;s quarters were located across from the bar, comprising a sitting room and bedroom which opened onto the surrounding verandah.</p><br>
<p>The Bulletin further described that located in the western bay windows of the hotel was a large public lounge. A large store room was adjacent to the lounge, which formed one side of the main entrance hall, and had both internal and external access. To the rear of the lounge was the dining room that had public access by either the lounge or rear verandah. Between this room and the central stairwell was originally a narrow store room that had one access from under the stairs. Adjacent to the dining room and running along the western side of the hotel was the pantry and kitchen with a large brick fireplace, the chimney of which extends through the above bedroom. Behind the kitchen a smaller stairwell opened onto the verandah and behind all a scullery, a wash house of similar size and a mans room. To the rear of the hotel was situated a stable, lavatories for men and ladies, and presumably storage areas for saddlery and buggy&#39;s. The main stairway leading from the ground to first floor is made of red cedar and embellished with decorative carvings on the barge boards, turned balusters and large, turned newel posts.</p><br>
<p>The first floor housed the sleeping quarters. Opening onto the front balcony was a guest&#39;s lounge. In all, twelve bedrooms were made available to guests on this floor, with a bathroom and linen room provided at each end of the building. A separate bathroom was to be provided at the rear for servants.</p><br>
<p>Significant changes have been made to the hotel since its construction, starting from the mid 1960s and continuing with the advent of new technology. Outbuildings, namely stables, garage and toilet facilities, extant on plans dating from 1965, have since been removed. A garden lounge was added to the rear of the hotel, with an application to extend the lounge area and enclose it within a security fence in that year. A drive through bottle shop was added to the western side of the hotel in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Lakes Creek Hotel, incorporating elements of the Victoria Free Gothic style of architecture, is a two-storey timber building, clad predominantly with weatherboards. The building is generally L-shaped in plan, with twin faceted bays forming a symmetrical frontage with an asymmetric roof. The western bay has a gable with a decorative bargeboard featuring foil tracery. The eastern bay has a conical roof, with iron capping.</p><br>
<p>Externally, the principle, or southern elevation along Lakes Creek Road, has an enclosed frontage with a small portico front entrance framed by external exposed studs. Raised ground surface adjacent to entrance is bitumened, with cemented pathway with paving stones, leading to front entrance. External studs have some weathering near ground level. Original French doors are located in the front entry through the entrance portico. Providing access to the public area from the street are original French doors, which have been salvaged and used from internal renovations. Bay windows are located within original timber frames. Windows within the extension of the public bar (incorporating verandah space) on the western side are aluminium framed.</p><br>
<p>The first floor balcony, along the southern elevation, has been divided by both timber and plywood partitioning. Weathering has occurred to some balustrades and floor boards on the verandah. Two air-conditioning motors have been installed below the balcony to service ground floor areas. Some damage, including missing balusters, has occurred at the eastern end of the balcony.</p><br>
<p>Along the eastern elevation, of the ground floor verandah, is located sections of the original timber valance. Timber balustrading and valance continues northerly along the verandah to the garden lounge enclosure. Access to the hotel along the eastern elevation is through original timber French doors.</p><br>
<p>On the first floor balcony along the eastern elevation, new timber lattice board has been erected above the railing for added privacy for the private quarters. Another two timber partitions are located along the eastern elevation balcony to provide privacy between rooms. The verandah on eastern side has considerable damage, including missing balusters and water damage. Access to rooms is by original timber French doors.</p><br>
<p>On the ground floor of the northern elevation is located the garden lounge. The northern section, where the L-shape forms, is of single skin exposed stud weatherboard construction. At the western end of the northern elevation, where the building extends to form the L-shape, there is substantial movement of the verandah post as well as timber rot to the verandah boards and balusters. Timber valance and balusters remain substantially intact in this area. Three original timber French doors are located at the eastern side of the building. Two sliding glass doors also provide access along the northern elevation. One door provides access to the stairwell, the other to the dining room. The roof of the Garden lounge extension adjacent to verandah, has been adjoined to the original building. Air conditioning systems are located on the garden lounge roof with vents into the first floor of the hotel.</p><br>
<p>The drive through bottle shop is located along the western elevation. The ground floor section is single skin timber, whilst the first floor level is clad with weatherboards. Timber framed sash windows, with hoods with timber brackets, are located along the elevation. The chimney is cement rendered. The western verandah has been reduced to a small entry patio to make room for a new men&#39;s toilets and to allow a larger storage area/cold room facilities in the position of the original pantry.</p><br>
<p>Internally, through the main entrance, the public bar is located on the western side of the building. The bar has a flagstone floor, timber bar with modern chrome and glass fixtures and fittings. The front verandah has been reduced to one-third its original size, with entry now through the old bar entrance. A partition has been built to close off the adjoining entrance from the verandah to the original bar-room, and the bay doorway has been converted into a window. The bay area of the old bar-room has been partitioned off to provide a small office space for the management.</p><br>
<p>The public bar has been relocated to the western side of the hotel, allowing for the previously enclosed eastern rooms to be opened up. The new location of the bar room takes in the original position of the public lounge, store room, original entry passage and two-thirds of the front verandah, allowing for a larger public area which can accommodate a billiard table and bench room for patrons. A small servery area has been built between the new bar and dining room, directly in front of the internal cold room. The new bar area provides modern TAB and KENO facilities.</p><br>
<p>A false ceiling has been built in the new lounge area that once housed the bar rooms and provides SKY-Channel viewing for guests. Access is still available to the eastern verandah from this new lounge, and its area is defined by placement of lattice work, which runs down one side of the old passageway. The old proprietors quarters, which had been converted into guest lounges, then a lounge and office area, have been opened up with the removal of all internal partitions, and now houses an assortment of gaming machines. At the end of the original passageway, a female toilet has been built onto the verandah, with dual access to both the lounge area and garden lounge via the verandah.</p><br>
<p>The dining room has been enlarged by removing the partition to the adjacent store room on the western side of the building, with a new doorway to the back verandah added and the old under-stair doorway closed off. The kitchen has been updated by replacing the original brick fireplace with a modern gas appliance.</p><br>
<p>The scullery has been converted to male and female toilet facilities, the washroom updated to a modern laundry and storage room and the mans room converted to mens toilets. A smaller cold room has been built adjacent to this wash room for service to the outside garden lounge servery. An ATM has been installed within the stairwell.</p><br>
<p>Access to the first floor is via the original red cedar turning timber staircase with turned newel and balusters. In the stairwell is located six windows grouped to form a picture or feature window. Three smaller windows, two square on either side of a rectangular window, are located above a group of three large rectangular windows. The glass panes have been painted. The larger group, two narrow rectangular windows on either side of a wider rectangular windows, are timber framed, sash with original glass panes.</p><br>
<p>The first floor has a central hallway with room opening off. The floor also has verandas running intermittently around the four sides, adjacent to the rooms. The rooms are all timber lined, some with original ceiling roses. An original brick chimney is located in a room along the northern wing and is easily seen extending from the roof-line. A modern exhaust vent exists externally and parallel to the original chimney structure. The timber verandah posts have simple, decorative brackets, with simple timber balustrade.</p><br>
<p>The first floor rooms have remained relatively unchanged, with twelve apartments, a store room, linen room and two bathrooms. The most notable additions to the apartments are plumbing and electrical, in the form of ensuites in all rooms, and kitchenettes in some. The two front bay bedrooms are reserved for the proprietors and the hallway that led onto the front balcony has been closed off.</p><br>
<p>External grounds to the western side and rear of the hotel are now covered by asphalt, and the street level has been raised to abut the verandah, a height of three feet from the original ground level, creating an all-purpose access. The surrounding verandahs remain as raised on stumps from the ground surface. The hotel has some landscaping along the creek on the eastern side.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Lakes Creek Hotel was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Constructed in 1895, the Lakes Creek Hotel, the third hotel on the site, is significant in demonstrating the evolution of the village of Lakes Creek in association with the growing cattle industry of Coastal and Central Queensland and establishment of the Central Queensland Meat Preserving Company. A cornerstone for the developing village, the prosperity of the Lake&#39;s Creek Hotel has fluctuated with that of the meatworks, whilst remaining a focal point of the local community since the construction of the original public house in 1871.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Designed by architects Eaton and Bates, who moved their business to Rockhampton in 1884 to take advantage of the prosperity flowing to Rockhampton from the local goldmine and cattle industries, Lake&#39;s Creek Hotel is a good example of Victorian Free Gothic architecture.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The building incorporates traditional designs and adapting informal styles to create a well-known landmark, important for its aesthetic facade and architectural style.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Established to provide for the everyday person, particularly travellers between Rockhampton and Emu Park and the local workers employed by the CQ Meat Preserving Co, Lakes Creek Hotel has a strong association with the local and surrounding community who have used its services since its construction. The hotels importance has continued unchanged to the present day, offering a glimpse into a social and cultural trend that has remained virtually unchanged in its 132-year history.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Lakes Creek Hotel has a special association with the Central Queensland Meat Preserving Company and its employees since 1871. The importance of the development of the meat and livestock industry is recognised in Queenslands history, and the hotel occupies a special place in that history for the people who have worked within the cattle industry in all its various forms, from pastoralists, transporters, meatworkers and their families.</p><br>
<p>Alexandra Railway Bridge is a heritage-listed railway bridge adjacent to North Street, Rockhampton, Rockhampton Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Henry Charles Stanley and built from 1898 to 1899 by George Charles Willcocks. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Alexandra Railway Bridge, constructed in 1898-99, crosses the Fitzroy River and is an integral part of the original design of the Rockhampton Junction railway line, and is an important element in the development of the railway network in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The Archer brothers had made a private expedition to the Rockhampton district in 1853, and were the first Europeans to record and chart the Fitzroy River. The Archers were also the first European pastoralists to arrive in the area. Their establishment of Gracemere pastoral station lead to further pastoral expansion into the area.</p><br>
<p>After the short lived Canoona gold rush of 1858, Rockhampton was proclaimed as a town and declared a "port of entry" in 1858. Following the gold rush the town of Rockhampton developed as an entry and export town for Central Queensland. Rockhampton continued to eclipse its nearest rival Gladstone for nearly a century as the principal port for central Queensland.</p><br>
<p>In 1863 the Parliament of Queensland passed the controversial Railway Bill, which committed Queensland to the use of a narrow gauge for the development of its main line in Queensland. Other colonies in Australia at this time had adopted broader gauges for use on their rail networks. The reasoning behind this decision was that a narrow gauge would have lower construction costs.</p><br>
<p>The first section of the Queensland railway network was opened between Ipswich and Bigges Camp (now Grandchester) on 31 July 1865, and later extended to link the towns of Warwick, Dalby and Toowoomba with Ipswich. At the time that the Railway Act had been passed, the 5000 citizens of Rockhampton objected to having no provision made for the construction of a railway to their hinterland, where copper was being exploited in the Peak Downs area. A railway was thought necessary to ensure development of the interior.</p><br>
<p>The first length of line was opened to Westwood some thirty miles (fifty kilometres) from Rockhampton in 1867. The line was extended beyond the coastal ranges in 1872, reaching Emerald in 1879. The Central Western railway line was progressively extended further west reaching Longreach in 1892, and remained an isolated railway system, with no connection to the southern division of Queensland railways until 1903.</p><br>
<p>In 1882 after Brisbane had acquired a railway to the seaside at Sandgate, Rockhampton clamoured for a similar connection to its resort at Emu Park. Construction of the Emu Park line was approved in 1885 and the line opened in 1888. The 1880s was a period of economic and civic expansion in Rockhampton as a result of the discovery and exploitation of the gold and ore body at Mount Morgan in the Dee Range forty kilometres from Rockhampton. A result of the isolation of Rockhampton from Brisbane, and the prosperity of the Mount Morgan mine, was the growth of the separatist movement which demanded separation of Northern Queensland from Brisbane. The colonial government of the period used railway construction, and the extension of the system, to counter the separation movement.</p><br>
<p>The line, similar to Bundaberg, featured a railway system divided by a major river. In Rockhampton, this consisted of the Central Western line running from a terminus in Stanley Street to Gracemere and westwards, which had no physical connection to the line from North Rockhampton to Emu Park. Two years after the opening of the Emu Park line, the Railway Department began investigating the possibility of linking Rockhampton&#39;s two separate railways. The bridging of the Fitzroy River and the cost of land resumptions to join the two terminus stations were to be major difficulties in connecting the two lines.</p><br>
<p>Trial surveys in 1890 investigated two routes, but the financial crisis of 1893 forestalled further work. The impetus for bridging the Fitzroy River came from the decision of the Queensland Government to construct a deepwater port at Broadmount at the mouth of the Fitzroy River in 1894, and to link the Central Western Railway with North Rockhampton via a bridge across the Fitzroy and a line running via Denison Street. The original plan called for a single line down Denison Street and for a single track bridge, however the Rockhampton City Council protested against this decision. Following a visit to Rockhampton by chief engineer Henry Charles Stanley, the management of the Lakes Creek Meatworks at North Rockhampton convinced the Railway Department to construct a double line to North Rockhampton, as it was felt that developments in livestock and goods traffic would justify the initial outlay. In 1895 construction was approved for what was to be known as the Rockhampton Junction Railway. The new bridge and connecting line were the first examples of double lines outside of the Brisbane-Ipswich metropolitan area. The Rockhampton City Council gave half of Leichhardt Park (Archer Park) and Denison Street which allowed for the construction of a central railway station. The Council approved this work in October 1896.</p><br>
<p>The tender for construction of the Rockhampton Junction Railway was awarded to George Charles Willcocks in 1897. The contract involved the construction of the branch to Broadmount, the Denison Street line, and the Alexandra Railway Bridge. Willcocks at this period was one of Queensland&#39;s most prolific railway contractors, having been involved in the construction of various sections of the North Coast Line, as well as railway lines in the Brisbane area. The bridge contract was awarded to Willcocks at a cost of £43,471, and construction of the double line from Stanley Street to North Rockhampton was £65,137. Construction of the bridge was delayed until 1898 due to flooding on the Fitzroy River.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was designed by chief engineer Henry Charles Stanley and is similar to, but smaller than, the Albert Bridge, which he designed to replace the Brisbane River crossing which was washed away during the 1893 flood. Five metal truss spans were used, two at 75 metres in length and two at 30.5 metres. No falsework was used during construction because of the risk of floods. The first of the main spans was floated into position on 14 June 1899. The method used to place the main spans was also similar to that used for the Albert Bridge, where a hulk was employed to float the span into position.</p><br>
<p>At the time of its construction, the maximum span of the bridge at 75 metres was the fourth largest achieved in Australia, after the first Hawkesbury Bridge in New South Wales (1889, 125 metres), Albert Bridge (1895, 103.7 metres) and the Burdekin River&#39;s Macrossan Bridge, Qld (76.2 metres).</p><br>
<p>The Rockhampton Junction Railway was officially opened on 6 November 1899 with a special ceremony held on the southern end of the railway extension. A double headed train and twelve carriages left the Stanley Street Station and broke through a ribbon on the Fitzroy railway bridge. At the time of its opening, no official name for the bridge had been decided, but it had been suggested that it be named after Alexandra, Princess of Wales. The Minister for Railways, John Murray, officially named the bridge "Alexandra" at the opening ceremony, after consulting with the Queensland Premier, James Robert Dickson, earlier in the day. With the completion of the Alexandra Railway Bridge, the Emu Park and Central Western railways provided a unified rail link between the two halves of Rockhampton.</p><br>
<p>The Alexandra Railway Bridge has been restricted to weight limits since 1922 when C16 class locomotives and heavier engines were not permitted to pass on the bridge when it was occupied by another train. The introduction of larger locomotives to Queensland Railways and increasing axle loadings has led to additional restrictions on the speed of trains when passing over the bridge.</p><br>
<p>In 1930 the Rockhampton City Council erected electric lighting along the footway over the length of the bridge. In 1942, during the Second World War, the Mayor of Rockhampton suggested that a roadway should be constructed on the Alexandra bridge as City Council buses were unable to use the road suspension bridge over the Fitzroy River as a result of their five tonne weight.</p><br>
<p>With the road bridge also unsafe for use by military convoys, it was suggested that decking should be constructed on the bridge to provide for a 3.5 metre wide roadway. As a result, American military convoys were able to use the bridge to cross the Fitzroy River. Flagmen and guards were placed at each end of the bridge, and convoys were worked around train services where up to forty trains used the bridge per day. The decking was removed in 1945.</p><br>
<p>In 1948 the bridge was used to carry electric cables to supply power to Rockhampton, as an alternative to towers. In 1951 steel handrails were installed along the length of the bridge. Repairs to the bridge were carried out in 1958 and 1960.</p><br>
<p>With the introduction of diesel-electric motive power, concerns were voiced about the possible danger of having double headed trains using the bridge from 1970. A speed restriction was placed on diesel-electric locomotives using the bridge (20 km/h) similar to that used for larger steam locomotives. Restrictions were made to cover all trains using the bridge, ensuring that one train only was allowed occupancy of the bridge when passing. The restrictions were not removed until 1975 when the removal of the eastern set of rails was undertaken, thereby singling the double bridge.</p><br>
<p>Since 1977 community protest has been mounting for a new right of way to be found for trains in Rockhampton avoiding Denison Street and its street crossings, and the crossing of the Fitzroy River at the Alexandra Bridge. Most plans seek the relaying of the main line from Stanley Street station and crossing the Fitzroy River on a new bridge and alignment. Speed restrictions on the bridge are also cited as a cause of delay.</p><br>
<p>Longitudinal beams on the underside of the bridge deck were relocated in 1992 to increase the possible axle loading available for new generation diesel-electric locomotives to 20 tons. In November 1996 the timber pedestrian footway on the bridge was replaced by a non-slip surface mounted on plywood sheeting.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Alexandra Railway Bridge crosses the Fitzroy River, with the southwestern approach adjacent to North Street, Rockhampton. The bridge originally contained a double line railway, but now has a single line located centrally within the bridge.</p><br>
<p>The bridge consists of five truss spans supported on two concrete abutments and four common concrete piers. The concrete piers are the width of the bridge, and have buttress-like quoining at each end, with rendered detailing. The two northeastern piers are located on the northern embankment, with the remaining two piers located within the river. The two concrete embankments have rendered details similar to the piers.</p><br>
<p>The northeastern end has two 100 foot (30.5 metre) riveted 8 panel through Pratt trusses with parallel chords and decking. A similar single truss is located at the southwestern end of the bridge. The centre of the bridge has two 250 foot (75 metre) riveted 16 panel hogback double intersection Pratt trusses and decking on wrought iron caissons.</p><br>
<p>A pedestrian walkway, located along the southeastern side of the bridge, has a metal handrail and balustrade formed by intersecting diagonal members. A metal plaque commemorates the opening of the bridge, with the name of those involved in its construction.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Alexandra Railway Bridge was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Alexandra Railway Bridge has provided a major crossing of the Fitzroy River since 1899, and is important in demonstrating the evolution of the railway network in central Queensland and in the city of Rockhampton. The bridge is an integral part of the original design of the Rockhampton Junction Railway, which included the double line street railway connecting Stanley Street station and North Rockhampton via Denison Street. The bridge was also strategically important during the Second World War, providing a crossing of the Fitzroy River for American military convoys.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The Alexandra Railway Bridge is of significance for its riveted through Pratt trusses which were the first of their type in Queensland. It is also significant for its riveted hogback double intersection Pratt truss main span, which is the second largest of its type in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Alexandra Railway Bridge is of significance for its riveted through Pratt trusses which were the first of their type in Queensland. It is also significant for its riveted hogback double intersection Pratt truss main span, which is the second largest of its type in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Alexandra Railway Bridge is of aesthetic significance, and makes an important contribution to the Rockhampton townscape and the Fitzroy River riverscape.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.</p><br>
<p>The Alexandra Railway Bridge is of significance for its riveted through Pratt trusses which were the first of their type in Queensland. It is also significant for its riveted hogback double intersection Pratt truss main span, which is the second largest of its type in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The bridge is important as an example of the design work of Chief Engineer HC Stanley, and his contribution to engineering practices on Queensland Railways in the latter part of the nineteenth century.</p><br>
<p>Amla is a heritage-listed detached house at 49 Jessie Street, The Range, Rockhampton, Rockhampton Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Edward Arthur Hegvold and built in 1952 by Robert Leonard Schofield. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 28 July 2000.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Amla is a two-storeyed Functionalist style residence designed by Rockhampton architect E. A. Hegvold.</p><br>
<p>The land on which the house is situated was purchased in 1951 by Norman and Victoria Nell Ellemor. Norman Ellemor was the Rockhampton manager of Thos Brown, a firm of Queensland merchants. The house was built in 1952 with the builder being RL Schofield. By this time post war building restrictions had been eased in Rockhampton. In 1953 with the transfer of the Ellemor&#39;s to the south the house was purchased by the present owners as a city residence. The original address for the house was Brecknell Street and the block of land in the adjacent Jessie Street was added to the site in 1969.</p><br>
<p>Edward Arthur Hegvold was born in Rockhampton 1909. He commenced his architectural training in Rockhampton in 1924 as an articled pupil to Roy Chipps and continued in Chipps employ until 1935. During the depression Hegvold and Chipps started Art Adds, a business designing advertisements and labels, along with lantern slide advertisements for local cinemas. From 1935-38 Hegvold was employed as the manager of Tucker and Hall, Plasters and Tilers, Rockhampton. He opened his own architectural practice in 1938. In 1942 during World War II, he was employed as an architect at the US Army Base Section 3 Rockhampton. He worked in the Engineering section designing many new buildings including aircraft hangars, warehouses and refitting many existing buildings for use by the army. During this time Hegvold developed a keen interest in structural engineering an interest that he would later be exhibit in his private practice. For many years after the war, Hegvold would regularly correspond with the USA Engineers and would receive structural engineering textbooks. He reopened his practice after the War. From 1976-78 the firm became Hegvold Finlayson & Associates. The practice closed in 1980, but Hegvold came out of retirement in 1984 to design the new fire station and residence at Emu Park. Hegvold died in Rockhampton in 1991.</p><br>
<p>In the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s Hegvold was a leading architect in Rockhampton with a large practice that undertook civic, commercial and domestic work, not only in Rockhampton but throughout central Queensland. Buildings in Rockhampton include the Rockhampton Electricity Board, RACQ Building, Tobruk House, United Dominions House, YMCA/RCYA, World War 2 Memorial Pool and Riverside Caravan Park Amenities Block. In central Queensland he designed the North Gregory Hotel in Winton (with Engineer Jack Mulholland), Longreach Fire Station, Emerald Fire Station, Alpha Town Hall and Jericho Town Hall. Hegvold was a prominent citizen and a life member of many Rockhampton clubs including the RSL, Masonic Club, Bowls Club and Basketball Club. He did a great deal of honorary work for charities and the Rockhampton Basketball Stadium is named in his honour.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Amla is a two storey cubiform residence with a timber structure faced externally with textured cement render. It has a skillion roof concealed behind parapets and drained by large rain water heads. The exterior of the house is designed as a composition of horizontals and verticals. The main entrance and stairway is expressed as a projecting vertical wing, while the body of the building has windows with continuous hoods for sunshading, which form contrasting horizontal elements.</p><br>
<p>The architectural style is forthrightly Interwar Functionalist, even though the house was not built until after World War Two. Amla is a good example, of a residence in this idiom. It displays many of the characteristics typical of the Interwar Functionalist style. The house has plain surfaces and is an asymmetrical composition of simple horizontal and vertical elements. The predominant horizontality of the design is broken by a slightly projecting stair hall of vertical proportions in the external wall of which a pair of vertical windows glazed in green obscure glass, rise from the level of the lower internal stair landing. The parapets above the flat roof define the horizontal lines if the building, along with the continuous cantilevered suncreen hoods at both levels, which wrap around the rounded corners.</p><br>
<p>The garden surrounding the house is pleasant and unassuming, in harmony with its neighbours.</p><br>
<p>Internally the planning of the house is compact. The scale is successful giving the interiors a quality of amplitude despite their tight planning. The functionalist character is continued inside with elements and detailing such as the open stairwell with solid balustrading and polished timber capping surmounted by decorative curved chrome plated railings.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Amla was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 28 July 2000 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Amla is part of the pattern of the post war development of Rockhampton.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Amla is a very good example of a residence designed in the Interwar Functionalist style, a style comparatively rare in Rockhampton.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Amla is a very good example of a residence designed in the Interwar Functionalist style, a style comparatively rare in Rockhampton. The building displays many of the characteristics of this style including its cubiform, parapeted asymmetrical shape with smooth rendered and painted exterior wall finish. The fenestration is a composition of vertical and horizontals with strip windows including vertical openings in a projecting stair hall as well as curvilinear ranges of window lights, and cantilevered hoods and strips with edges painted in a contrasting colour.</p><br>
<p>It is a good example of the work of the architect E. A. Hegvold who was instrumental in defining the post World War Two architectural character of Rockhampton and central Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The Log Cabin is a historic restaurant in Oak Park Heights, Minnesota, United States. It was established in 1932 as a roadhouse—an eatery and nightclub catering to motorists in an isolated location. Opening in the last years of Prohibition, it was rumored to serve illegal alcohol and harbor gangsters. The Log Cabin was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007 for having local significance in the themes of architecture and commerce. It was nominated for its associations with the roadhouse network that developed in the early-20th-century St. Croix Valley, and for its quaint log cabin motif designed to attract the first generation of automobile travelers. Over the years it has operated under the names Club Tara Hideaway, Club Tara, and—since 1997—Phil&#39;s Tara Hideaway.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1929 Gerald "Whitey" Lynch and his older brother Eugene opened a business called Lynchs Chicken Shack on the site, which was situated on a fairly isolated stretch of highway (now Minnesota State Highway 36) on the outskirts of Stillwater. Newspaper articles and anecdotal evidence connect the site to the Prohibition eras underground economy of roadhouses. These isolated but easily accessible businesses, strategically located just outside city limits, were rumored to provide alcohol, gambling, prostitution, and safe harbor for gangsters. Corrupt officials had made Saint Paul a haven for Midwestern gangsters, and the St. Croix Valley had its own network of roadhouses. Al Capone is said to have stopped at this roadhouse while checking on his interests in Minnesota, and John Dillinger was supposedly a frequent guest. Baby Face Nelson and members of the Barker–Karpis gang were also rumored visitors. However much of this activity would have taken place in the 1920s, suggesting that an earlier roadhouse preceded Lynch&#39;s Chicken Shack. Since the businesses at the site deliberately wished to avoid official attention, their exact history, clientele, and services resist substantiation. Even the basic timeline is murky: the Lynch brothers were natives of Oak Park and sources generally agree that their Chicken Shack opened in 1929, even though the 1930 United States Census records Gerald Lynch living in Detroit with his Michigan-born wife and son.</p><br>
<p>Prohibition ended in April 1933 and henceforward the Log Cabin could sell alcohol legally. Lynch sold the business in 1938, and when it changed hands again in 1946 it was renamed the Club Tara Hideaway. These first three sets of owners lived in the buildings back room. A new owner purchased the business in 1966, shortening the name to Club Tara, expanding the menu, and converting the back room to additional dining space. It changed hands several times in the mid-1990s, but since 1997 it has been operated by Phil Barbatsis as Phils Tara Hideaway. Under Barbatsis and chef Brad Nordeen, the restaurant has specialized in locally sourced Greek and Mediterranean cuisine.</p><br>
<p>AMP Building is a heritage-listed office building at 183 East Street, Rockhampton, Rockhampton Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Francis Drummond Greville Stanley and built in 1888. It is also known as Brahman House. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The AMP Building, currently known as Brahman House, is constructed in masonry faced most ornately with painted and modelled cement render on its loggia to East Street. Designed using classical motifs by the former Queensland Colonial Architect, FDG Stanley, this two-storey structure was built for the Australian Mutual Provident Society (AMP) in 1888.</p><br>
<p>Rockhampton was established beside the Fitzroy River on land that was originally part of Gracemere Station, a pastoral property taken up by the Archer brothers in the 1850s. Following a gold discovery at Canoona station and a survey by Arthur F Wood, the town of Rockhampton was proclaimed on 25 October 1858. Wood had worked with the surveyor Robert Hoddle in laying out Melbourne, and the author of the town plan, Francis Clarke, was Victorias surveyor general at the time. The involvement of these people may explain a certain similarity between each citys plans, as well as, in terms of Queensland, the uncommon generosity of scale with which Rockhampton was laid out. A municipal council was formed on 15 December 1860.</p><br>
<p>The land on which this building sits was part of a larger allotment originally purchased by John Bowen Peter Hamilton Ramsay (also known as "Alphabet" Ramsey) and William Henry Gaden in May 1859 for £30. It was located in the heart of Rockhampton&#39;s burgeoning commercial district. The original allotment was subdivided in 1884 and one of the two parcels purchased in 1886 by the Australian Mutual Provident Society, whose presence in Rockhampton had been established in the same year by District Agent AM Sweet, and Agency Clerk A Haughton.</p><br>
<p>The Australian Mutual Provident Society had been launched in Sydney on New Years Day in 1849 as a life insurance company whose policies promised to ameliorate the potentially disastrous effects of the many hazards of daily life that existed for settlers in the Australian colonies. Its founders, Rev. William Horatio Walsh, an Anglican clergyman, and two Sydney businessmen, Thomas Holt Jnr and Thomas Sutcliffe Mort, had met the previous year to discuss how such a society might proceed. Since its establishment, the AMP has remained one of the largest life insurance offices in Australia, and in 1999 when historian Geoffrey Blainey wrote a history of the company, it was the country&#39;s largest owner of both shares and city offices.</p><br>
<p>Following its first decade, the Society&#39;s membership began to increase steadily and in 1875 it established a separate Queensland board that was headquartered in Brisbane. This was in response to demands from Queensland members who saw their infant colony as having great potential and their concerns as requiring attention from local directors. At that time, policyholders living with 25 degrees of the Equator were required to pay a surcharge as it was commonly believed that Europeans living in "the tropics" and doing hard work outdoors risked their health. It was only after 1873 that AMP policyholders were allowed to visit Rockhampton and places further north without seeking special permission regarding the effect of such travel on the validity of their policies. It was not until 1881, after some actuarial analysis of existing policies and owing to intense rivalry from other insurance firms, that these surcharges were lifted on all "tropical" Australian policies.</p><br>
<p>The Societys practice of dividing colonies into selling districts was applied to Queensland in 1883. In each district an office would be set up in a specially designed building located in a central town, and the buildings parapet would carry the Societys trademark statuary, "the Amicus". This had been sculpted by Charles Summers for the parapet of the Pitt Street building, which was opened in Sydney in 1880 as the Societys head office. The statuary was composed as follows: the centrepiece, Tyche, the Greek goddess of fortune and luck, stood beside a cornucopia and held in her left hand a palm branch signifying victory; reclining below her were a youth on one side and a woman and child on the other. This statuary normally carried the Latin caption "Amicus certa in re incerta" meaning "A certain friend in uncertain times".</p><br>
<p>The AMP building in Rockhampton was built in 1888 from a design by the prominent architect F D G Stanley. Francis Drummond Greville Stanley was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, and began his architectural training there in 1855. He emigrated to Queensland in 1861, set up private practice in 1862, and was appointed as clerk of works in the Office of the Colonial Architect, Charles Tiffin, in 1863. He stayed in this position for nine years and was appointed as Colonial Architect in 1872 after Tiffin retired. Stanley held this position until 1881. It was during this time that he designed one of his most well known works, the Supreme Court building in Brisbane. Stanley continued to run a private practice throughout his term as Colonial Architect and this brought complaints from other architects. He left his government position when he was offered the commission to design the Queensland National Bank, also in Brisbane. He established his first branch office in Maryborough in 1882. In 1886, he was the first Queensland architect to be elected fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects, and two years later he became foundation President of the Queensland Institute of Architects. Stanley continued practicing until his death in 1897.</p><br>
<p>Stanleys design for the Rockhampton office reflects the classical mode in which the Pitt Street headquarters had been realised. William Cherry supervised the Rockhampton work for Stanley. A 1897 article in The Mutual Provident Messenger, the Societys in-house magazine, describes the interior of the Rockhampton building; its floors being laid with decorated tiles, the general office fitted with elaborate cedar fixtures, and the massive plaster ceilings decorated with panelled and enriched cornices.</p><br>
<p>The AMP regional office continued in this East Street building until 1970 when the Society moved to new Rockhampton premises on the same street. The property was sold in 1972 to the Australian Brahman Breeders Association. This organisation had begun as the Australian Zebu Breeders Society in 1946 in an effort to promote a breed of cattle more able to withstand the effects of north Australias cattle ticks and droughts than traditional British breeds. They continue to occupy the building on East Street.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Australian Mutual Provident Society (AMP) Building is located on a block of East Street, which is bounded to the south-east and north- west respectively by Derby and William Streets, and populated with a number of other buildings of heritage significance. Those listed on the Queensland Heritage Register include: Walter Reid Community Arts Centre and John Headricks Building. As Brahman House, the building is included on the Australian Heritage Commissions Register of the National Estate. Further to the north-west on East Street are located the Rockhampton Post Office and Court House Precinct, both of which are listed on the Queensland Heritage Register.</p><br>
<p>The two-storey building is located within the central business district of Rockhampton; the Fitzroy River is a block away to the north-east, and the central railway station five blocks to the south-east. Running along the short, north-eastern edge of the allotments is Quay Lane, which forms part of a system of such laneways that inhabits the city centre&#39;s orthogonal grid and services its primary streets. The grid is aligned to the course of the river that flows from the north-west to the south-east. Together the two allotments total almost 430m2 in area.</p><br>
<p>Two corridors of space separate the AMP building from the properties on either side. The corridor facing the north-western allotment boundary is approximately 150mm wide, while that to the opposite boundary shared with the John Headrick&#39;s Building is over 1m-wide enough to allow room for an external fire escape stair. The original AMP building occupies approximately half of the allotment addressing East Street, while a further quarter of the remaining site area has been filled by a recent single-storey addition. The rear section of site facing Quay Lane is used for car parking.</p><br>
<p>The 1888 building is constructed of brick faced with cement render, which is painted and modelled to varying degrees on each facade. An arcaded loggia almost 2.5m deep has been formed on the front facade using three evenly disposed archways. Horizontally this facade is divided into three bands:the ground and first storeys, and a decorated parapet with classical modellings. The archways to the ground storey are framed by four Roman Doric-style pilasters topped with an entablature spanning the full width of the building. Above the middle archway, and supported on two central pilasters is a gently curved pediment. Its gable is decorated with a moulding of a shield and garlands to each side. The frieze of the entablature is embellished with triglyphs and rosettes, while the lower halves of the pilasters are fluted and sit on pedestals about 1m high. The lines of the base, plinth and pedestal mouldings are carried through to the wall from which the pilasters stand proud. The basket arches to the ground-storey loggia each have a simply modelled extrados and keystone, and are spring from imposts.</p><br>
<p>The upper storey component of the front facade is formed with four rectangular columns, which sit directly above the pilasters. There are basket arches formed by these columns, which are modelling in a similar fashion to those described earlier. The columns have Corinthian capitals and simple mouldings on their East Street shafts. Between each column, the balustrading is topped with a rail of modelled render. While the curved pediment from below fills the space between the central two columns and underneath its top rail, on each side sections of curved balusters are fitted. A further entablature, again running the width of the building, caps this arcade and separates it from the parapet above. The current name of the building "Brahman House" is placed in the frieze, each end of which is finished with a rosette. The scale of this cornice is somewhat exaggerated. The parapet is framed with two pedestal-like projections at each end of the facade, upon which sit decorative urns. In the centre, above the curved pediment, the parapet projection has a second layer topped with a further cornice. The line of moulding with which the end pedestals are capped runs the length of the parapet, forming a top rail for the sections of curved balusters fitted to each side of the central projection. In the centre, below this moulding line the date "A 1888 D" has been placed. A recent sign in the shape of two Brahman bulls, facing each direction of East Street, sits on this raised piece of parapet above the date.</p><br>
<p>There are two steps separating the East Street footpath and the loggia on the ground storey. The floor to this area is lined with a chequered pattern of black and white ceramic tiles that is bordered with coloured tiles (blue and tan). Ornate, cast iron gates close off the lower half of each archway. The interior facade of this loggia is faced with painted, cement render. A stringcourse matching the impost line from the exterior is carried through here. Two double doors and a large central window correspond with the position of the archways on the outer building face. The entry door is on the right hand side when approaching from the street. At each door, there is a step up into the building from the loggia level. The outer double doors are painted timber and each leaf is divided into three parts. A small tiled alcove separates the entry doors from a second set, which have etched glass inserts in each low-waisted leaf. These also have ornate brass handles and appear to be made of polished cedar. The inner facade&#39;s window is divided into three double-hung sashes- two outer narrow ones and a wide central one. The large sill is supported on four consoles. The heads of each door is formed by the impost or entablature moulding, which separates them from a transom light. The window heads are in line with the heads of the transom lights. The sides of this ground floor loggia are made with archways that match those facing East Street. They are filled with a low balustrading like that on the parapet and tall cast iron fencing. The ceiling to this space appears to be rendered and gently curved between the street and inside facade.</p><br>
<p>On the upper storey of the arcade is a verandah. The inside face of this space has three evenly disposed cedar doors around which are bands of render moulding. The doors are French, with curved heads in each leaf and rectangular pivoted fanlights above. The flat verandah ceiling has simple cornices and is lined with a sheet material made of tiny corrugations similar to "ripple iron". The sides to each boundary have archways matching those facing East Street.</p><br>
<p>The side and rear facades appear to be faced with render, which is scored to resemble ashlar and painted. While there are no windows in the north-western side facade, a number open out of the south-eastern one looking onto the fire escape corridor. The side walls extend above the level of the corrugated iron roof, which appears to be hipped. Its ridge runs on an axis between East Street and Quay Lane, and is punctured by at least one decorative iron vent. A modelled chimneystack also emerges from the north-west face of the hip. The single-storey addition to the rear is constructed of painted concrete masonry walls and a hipped, corrugated Colorbond roof. On each level, there are three openings on the rear facade of the original building. The upper storey windows are still visible from Quay Lane. Two are square-headed double-hung sashes and another, positioned lower than these two, opens into the rear stairway. This is a double-hung sash with a semicircular head.</p><br>
<h3>Interiors</h3><br>
<p>The ground storey is divided into a reception area, a small open-plan work area and two offices at the rear. To the front of the building, against the north-western side of the building, is a long storage space partly occupied by a single flight of polished timber stairs. A door surrounded by a deep cedar frame, connects this space with the reception area. To the rear of this is a stair that doubles back on itself in reaching the upper level. The strong room is still evident between the storage corridor, the front reception area and a rear corridor. A lining of double brick is visible on the interior of the door opening into the strong room. The floors in this room are unlined concrete, while those elsewhere on the same level are variously lined with carpet or vinyl.</p><br>
<p>The ornately carved cedar reception desk remains in place. It connects into similarly carved cedar panelling that encloses the entry alcove described earlier. This sits below the level of the rectangular fanlight to the outer door, and is topped with a carved entablature supported by fluted pilasters. The reception desk is embellished with a number of panels of ceramic inlay.</p><br>
<p>The two offices at the rear of the building are separated from the front work area with a floor-to-ceiling height screen made up of a lower half of timber panelling and semi-transparent glass held in timber frames above. The timber is stained and polished to match the colouring of the other original cedar fittings. The ground floor ceiling height is approximately 3m throughout. The wall-to-ceiling join and two cross-beams are decorated with an ornate cornice, the most prominent feature of which are rows of dentils. The rear timber and glass screen collides with an ornately decorated cornice line and two plaster ceiling roses, suggesting that it was added sometime after the original building fit-out.</p><br>
<p>The rear staircase balustrading is made of ornately carved, polished cedar. Its underside is lined with ripple iron. The upper level is divided into a number of offices and a large meeting room that opens onto the East Street verandah. The ceiling in the one of the upper level rooms is lined entirely with ripple iron, and decorated with less ornate cornices than those installed on the lower level. There is an ornate vent panel in the centre of this ceiling. In one of the walls of this room there is a large metal door, possibly leading into a safe.</p><br>
<p>The meeting room has matching cornices and its mantelpiece is made of marble, with simply applied decoration framing each side. The fireplace consists of a cast-iron grate and a tiled hearth. Separating the mantel sides and the grate are columns of ceramic tiles with an elegant botanical motif. The door into the meeting room is made of painted timber, and has four panels and a pivoting rectangular fanlight. Throughout this storey, the floor-to-ceiling height is approximately 3m.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former AMP Building was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Australian Mutual Provident Societys establishment of a district head office in Rockhampton in 1888 reflects central Queenslands growing prosperity during this boom decade of the 19th century and the outcomes anticipated from consolidation of settlement in the region. It also demonstrates the increasing desire of settlers for some means by which to protect their families against the economic hardships often brought on by the death of a "breadwinner" and the commercial competition that was occurring to meet this demand with life insurance provisions. Such concerns are indicative both of a willingness to consider the future financial well-being of dependents and the forward-thinking embraced by an increasing number of the region&#39;s settled inhabitants; against a backdrop of the government not providing welfare benefits to its citizens.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The classical principles and motifs employed in the AMP Building- in a restrained fashion when a comparison is made with other commercial premises in the precinct- reflect the high standard of architectural design required of such a flagship building. It was one of many district offices that were constructed in main streets around Australia by what became one of the largest companies to begin operation in Australia and achieve an international reputation. Its parapet carried the Amicus statuary that was recognised throughout the country as the symbol of the Australian Mutual Provident Society.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the aesthetic skill with which the East Street facade has been executed- in terms of scale, proportion and the deft use of classical elements- the extant interior cedar fittings, also incorporating components of the classical language, demonstrate a high degree of craftsmanship and the thoroughness of the buildings overall design concept. The arrangement of rooms, and the quality and fine condition in which the finishes and fittings survive combine to make the buildings interiors highly significant.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The AMP building is significant for its long association with the work of the Australian Mutual Provident Society, serving as its central Queensland headquarters for 82 years. It is also a fine example of the commercial work of the prominent Queensland architect FDG Stanley, who enjoyed a long and distinguished career throughout the State.</p><br>
<p>GS Curtis Stores is a heritage-listed warehouse at Bolsover Street, Rockhampton City, Rockhampton, Rockhampton Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by John William Wilson and built from 1882 to 1883 by P Waters & Sons. It is also known as AMV Warehouse. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This masonry warehouse was erected in 1883 for auctioneer George Silas Curtis MLA for Rockhampton, as a consignment store for imported goods. It was designed by architect John William Wilson and stands in a precinct of 19th century warehouses that developed in the area to serve the passing trade at the wharves.</p><br>
<p>GS Curtis first arrived in Rockhampton in 1863 and returned in 1866 to enter Wormalds auctioneering firm which he acquired in 1872. As a prominent auctioneer, land holder and real estate speculator Curtis became one of the citys most vigorous and influential public figures. Curtis had campaigned through the Chamber of Commerce for railway extensions and a deep-water port for Rockhampton and from 1889 acted as the leading exponent of territorial separation in Queensland. Curtis was chairman of the Central Queensland Territorial Separation League when it formed in 1889.</p><br>
<p>In late 1882 George Silas Curtis commissioned architect John Wilson to design a warehouse to accommodate his merchandise. The warehouse was constructed at a time when Rockhampton had established itself as the major port in central Queensland serving a vast area of pastoral, agricultural and mining lands and was entering a boom period corresponding with the commencement of gold mining at Mount Morgan in 1882. Rockhampton was the commercial centre of central Queensland where merchant&#39;s like Curtis could successfully base their business.</p><br>
<p>Curtis had originally commissioned Wilson to design a single-storeyed warehouse with foundations to carry a second floor, but was convinced by Wilson to construct a double-storey building outright. Wilson was reported in the Daily Northern Argus of 1883 as wanting to construct a building that would provide a continuing substantial capacity and that "would be different in its general outline to other buildings in the town" as well as being reasonably inexpensive. P Waters & Sons commenced construction of the warehouse in August 1882 and completed the building in early 1883.</p><br>
<p>The warehouse was described as "substantial & roomy" and as the only building of its size in Rockhampton. The erection of the warehouse was seen as an advancement for the city and was associated with the atmosphere of confidence which promoted Rockhampton as the possible capital of a new separate state.</p><br>
<p>At the time of construction the building had frontages to Bolsover Street, East Lane and Derby Street and had been rendered with a tint imitating the colour of the local Stanwell freestone. The Derby Street frontage had four double-sliding doors on the ground floor with arched windows above protected internally by iron bars and surmounted by a half-circle motif connected with the pilasters. On the upper storey there were 23 arched windows with the top portion hinged to allow opening.</p><br>
<p>At each end of the warehouse was a corner splay which formed an entrance with the inscription "G.S. Curtis, 1870" in ribbon lettering. The words "G.S Curtis Consignment Stores" were also in relief at either end of the building. The second floor was accessible by two staircases which were boxed and separated from the ground floor, each fronting Bolsover Street and East Lane.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor had an open plan with eight iron pillars supporting a timber first floor. The upper storey also had an open plan with the only opening for loading being a pair of sliding doors facing East Lane. The roof had 5 sky-lights and was constructed of king-post trusses with hips at both ends.</p><br>
<p>The warehouse was constructed with the intention of dividing the ground Derby Street frontage into 9 shops at any given time by removing the brickwork between the pilasters, although there is no evidence that this ever occurred.</p><br>
<p>GS Curtis became insolvent in November 1898 and his affairs were liquidated. The property was transferred to Mount Morgan trustee Thomas Skarrat Hall in December 1898 and at the time of his death in June 1903, was again transferred to trustees. In 1918 the stores were purchased by Denham Bros of Rockhampton. The building was purchased by the current owners in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former GS Curtis Stores, a long narrow two-storeyed rendered masonry structure with a hipped gable roof concealed behind a parapet, is located fronting Derby Street to the southeast between Bolsover Street and East Lane. The building is located at the western edge of the warehouse precinct located around the former Rockhampton wharves.</p><br>
<p>The building has splayed entrance bays to both street corners, and the Derby Street elevation contains nine bays framed by pilasters. The first floor contains a continuous row of arched, louvred glass windows separated by pilasters and framed with rendered mouldings and sills. These windows establish the rhythm of the bays which alternate in width, with the wider bays consisting of three arched windows and the narrower bays of two arched windows. Each narrow bay is surmounted by a rendered arched moulding with central circle motif. The end bays also have similar circle mouldings located above the arched windows. The building has a parapet with corbelled cornice, and raised arched mouldings are aligned with the position of the bays. The ground floor has a single arched louvred glass window with recessed lower panel, flanked by rendered circle mouldings and raised string course, centrally positioned within each wide bay. A tall loading door is located within each narrow bay, consisting of a roller door to the lower section surmounted by timber louvres and fixed glazing.</p><br>
<p>The splayed corner entrance bays have similar detailing, and comprise paired timber doors with an arched fanlight to the ground floor, with an arched louvred glass window to the first floor.</p><br>
<p>The narrow Bolsover Street elevation is similar in detail, consisting of an arched central bay containing two arched louvred glass first floor windows, flanked by a single arched window either side. The ground floor has an arched louvred glass window to the central bay flanked by rendered circle mouldings and raised string course, with an arched window on the southern side and an arched infilled doorway on the northern side. The rendered detailing suggests that the building was designed to allow it to be extended along the Bolsover Street frontage.</p><br>
<p>The East Lane elevation has similar parapet detailing, but the rendered facade details finish at the edge of the splayed corner entrance. This elevation is finished in painted brickwork, and the ground floor has a single opening with timber louvres and fixed glazing, with evidence of brick infill of an earlier loading door below. A brick infilled arched doorway is located adjacent. The first floor has a loading door, consisting of a roller door to the lower section surmounted by timber louvres, and a smaller louvred glass window is located adjacent.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the building has eight centrally positioned cast iron columns supporting a timber framed first floor. The ground floor has a mostly open plan, with a concrete floor and painted brick walls, with the rear wall having infilled centrally positioned window openings to each bay. The northeast end has a concrete mezzanine floor supported by concrete block walls, with partitioned offices and store rooms below. A hoist is located adjacent, and a steel staircase is located at the northern corner. The first floor has an open plan, with a concrete floor at the northern end above the mezzanine, and the ceiling is lined with compressed sheeting.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>GS Curtis Stores was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former GS Curtis Stores represents the beginning of a period of substantial commercial development in Rockhampton during the latter 19th century. The warehouse, the second oldest surviving in Rockhampton, was built in what was to become a precinct of large warehouses situated near the trading activity of the river wharves. It reflected the prosperity of Rockhampton and its position as the premier commercial centre and port of central Queensland at a time when it was benefiting from the wealth of gold mining at Mount Morgan from the 1880s to the turn of the century.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The building, a two-storeyed warehouse structure, has considerable street presence due to its long, decorative Derby Street elevation. The building&#39;s form, fabric, materials and distinctive detailing illustrate a creative design approach. The building is recognised as a local landmark and makes a significant contribution to the Rockhampton streetscape and townscape.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The building has a special association for the people of Rockhampton as an historical landmark which contributes to the image of the city.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>It has special association with prominent Rockhampton architect John William Wilson who, during his 35-year practice, contributed largely to the townscape of Rockhampton in the late 19th century.</p><br>
<p>It also has special association with George Silas Curtis MLA as a manifestation of his enterprises which were important to the development of Rockhampton. Curtis was a prominent member of Rockhampton&#39;s early community and a vigorous supporter of the separation movement who influenced the history of the city and the region.</p><br>
<p>Archer Chambers is a heritage-listed former house and now office building at 206 Quay Street, Rockhampton, Rockhampton Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1870s. It is also known as Evans & Hearn. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former Archer Chambers building at 206 Quay Street was erected in the 1870s for the pioneer Archer family. William Archer purchased the property at a sale of crown land in November 1858 as Allotment 2 of Section 46, in the Parish of Rockhampton and later constructed the building on subdivision 2 of the site as offices. The building forms part of the commercial streetscape of Quay Street which developed in the late 19th century to serve the passing trade at the wharves on the Fitzroy River.</p><br>
<p>The pastoralist-explorer brothers, William and Charles Archer, decided, on information given to them by Ludwig Leichhardt, to explore the country north of the Upper Burnett River. In 1853 they discovered and named the land and waters of the Fitzroy River. In 1855 the Archer brothers founded a station called Gracemere and chose the site of the future Rockhampton as their port. A settlement subsequently developed around the Fitzroy River, and the area was proclaimed a Port of Entry and a Pastoral District in October 1858.</p><br>
<p>The influx of gold seekers to Canoona in 1858 helped establish Rockhampton as the major Port in central Queensland which served a vast area supported by a network of roads which brought the exports of gold, copper, hides, tallow and wool from the hinterland in the 1860s. In 1867 the Central Western railway line was established westward from Rockhampton which further increased the flow of goods through the port. The port was influential in establishing Rockhampton as the major trade and communication centre of the region and until 1903, with the establishment of the North Coast railway line to Gladstone, it was the only link to the outside world.</p><br>
<p>Quay Street was one of the earliest parts of Rockhampton to be settled and it developed as the nucleus of the city during this period. The river wharves along Quay Street fostered the substantial commercial development from the 1860s to the early 1900s still evident in the precinct. The erection of Archer Chambers in the 1870s predates many of the fine buildings in Quay Street which were influenced by wealth brought to the city from the discovery of gold at Mount Morgan, south-west of Rockhampton, in 1882. It is an example of early development associated with the commercial influence of the port.</p><br>
<p>As a purpose built property for the Archer family, the former Archer Chambers, reflects the significance of the family in Rockhampton. Since establishing the township and the port in the 1850s the Archer brothers continued to contribute to the growth of the Rockhampton. Charles and William were joined by their brothers Colin in 1855 and Archibald in 1860 who became the MLA for the Port Curtis District from 1867 to 1870. Several places in Rockhampton bear the Archer name including Archer Park and Archer Park railway station (now the Archer Park Rail Museum), Archer Street and the memorial to Charles Archer and his horse Sleipner.</p><br>
<p>Colin Archer was the last of the Archer brothers to die in Rockhampton in 1921 and in that year Archer Chambers was leased as offices. In 1947 the building was purchased by the New Zealand Loan and Mercantile Agency Company Ltd and in 1960 it was transferred to Mactaggarts Primary Producers Co-Op Association Ltd. The building is now occupied by accountants Evans & Hearn who purchased the building in 1975.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Archer Chambers abuts Quay Street and occupies almost all of the building allotment bounding the Rockhampton Customs House on the eastern side and adjoining the Royal Bank Building on the west.</p><br>
<p>The building is a single storeyed brick structure, longitudinally planned to create three distinct sections from front to rear. A single hipped roof, which is clad in galvanised steel decking, covers the entire building. The front section, which is mainly one large partitioned office space, is cement rendered externally. Internally the brick walls have been plaster rendered. The office partitions are timber framed with infill panels. Louvred glass panels fitted to an aluminium frame have been used for partition walls separating the two minor offices towards the southern end of the space. A suspended ceiling in the office area provides space for electrical and air conditioning conduits. The original battened ceiling still survives. The building&#39;s facade is symmetrical and consists of a central door with large aluminium framed shop windows at either side. Below the cantilevered awning that replaces the original awning, the facade has been tiled. The roof is hidden from the street by a parapet that supports a segmental pediment at the front. The building has only three other windows that are located on the east side of the building facing the Customs House. These are all single paned, double hung, timber framed windows, each fitted with steel protection bars.</p><br>
<p>The central section of the building, which is smaller than the front section, has exposed brickwork walls both internally and externally. Roofing trusses and timber framing for a loft floor level are entirely exposed. Simple timber brackets attached to the timber frames provide support for rudimentary shelving throughout the area.</p><br>
<p>The rear section, which is of similar size to the front section, is finished in much the same manner as the central section, with exposed framing, trusses and brick walls. The brick wall at the rear of the building is currently overpainted. An upper floor level created at the northern end of the space provides a split level work platform, originally used in conjunction with the simple timber and steel gantry. Rails for the gantry are fitted at both sides of the section, and run the full length of the space. A single large opening at the rear provides vehicular access to the building&#39;s interior. The original arched opening has been altered slightly to accommodate an early model roller door.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Archer Chambers was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Archer Chambers building erected in the 1870s for William Archer, forms part of the historic Quay Street precinct which is distinguished by its late 19th century commercial buildings. The Quay Street precinct stands as a legacy to the rise of the Port of Rockhampton which served the vast area of central Queensland from 1858. The port was influential in establishing Rockhampton as the premier commercial city of central Queensland and the river wharves fostered the substantial commercial development along Quay Street, enabling it to become the principal business district of the city. The solidity of the buildings were a symbol of Rockhamptons wealth and reflected the confidence with which the community and developers viewed Rockhamptons future.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The building contributes aesthetically to the streetscape of Quay Street. There is a continuity of cornices and parapets between Archer Chambers and the former Royal Bank building next door (194 Quay Street) which emphasises the 19th century character of the street.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Archer Chambers has special association for the people of Rockhampton through its aesthetic and historic contribution to Quay Street. This street is for many people the symbol of Rockhampton and is very closely associated with the image of the city.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Archer Chambers has special association with the Archer family, the first settlers of Rockhampton.</p><br>
<p>Avonleigh is a heritage-listed house at 248 Quay Street, Rockhampton, Rockhampton Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1885 by Robert Cousins & Walter Lawson. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Avonleigh was erected in late 1885 for Frederick Augustus Morgan who started mining with his brothers at Mount Morgan in 1882. The building was constructed by Robert Cousins and Walter Lawson and was one of three town-houses established in Quay Street offering a domestic contribution to the street which is dominated by substantial 19th century commercial buildings. It is part of the prestigious development which occurred in this period due to the wealth which Mount Morgan Gold brought to Rockhampton.</p><br>
<p>The site was originally occupied by the Clarence & Eagle Hotel constructed in 1861 for John Champion who was involved with shipping on the "Clarence" and the "Eagle" steamers. The license for the hotel expired in the 1870s.</p><br>
<p>Fred Morgan acquired the land in 1883. Morgan arrived in Rockhampton in 1879 to take over the Criterion Hotel and was joined by his brothers with whom he commenced gold mining at Ironstone Mountain (Mount Morgan) in July 1882.</p><br>
<p>By 1884 Fred Morgan had sold all his shares in the mine for £62 000 and by 1886 the Morgans had completely sold out to partners Hall, Pattison and DArcy foregoing the enormous yield that the Mount Morgan Gold Mines would produce. The erection of Avonleigh corresponded to the sale of Fred Morgans shares. After Fred Morgan had severed ties with the Mount Morgan Gold Mine he remained a prominent figure in Rockhampton pursuing pastoral and other mining interests as well as holding the office of Mayor of Rockhampton from 1891-93. Frederick Morgan died at Avonleigh in November 1894 and the funeral left his Quay Street house on 9 November 1894.</p><br>
<p>Morgan&#39;s house was originally a four-roomed structure (two upstairs and two downstairs) with an open encircling verandah and a central hall containing a cedar staircase. The external walls were of exposed red-brick with the base, quoining and facing of the house of Stanwell freestone. The original cost of the home was estimated at about £4000.</p><br>
<p>Fredericks widow, Mary Morgan, obtained title of the property in May 1901 and after her death in September 1901 the title was transferred to Frederick George Morgan in February 1902. In September 1904 the title was transferred to John Henry OBrien. The building was used as a boarding house at some stage before 1906.</p><br>
<p>In April 1906 Daniel Patrick OBrien acquired the property for use as a private hospital. Dr DP OBrien was a prominent medical practitioner in Rockhampton holding the position of Government Medical Officer, President of the Rockhampton Medical Association and medical officer to the local Hibernian association.</p><br>
<p>On 7 December 1906 the right to use the party wall on the northern side of the building was registered indicating additions to the building were undertaken at about this time. After the building was extended to the northern side, the hospital consisted of eight bedrooms and an operation room on the first floor and on the ground floor were the waiting and consulting rooms, dressing room, dispensary and nurses quarters and sitting room. The doctor resided in adjoining apartments at the northern end of the ground floor. The walls of the interior were polished cement coated with enamel. The ceilings were of a newly introduced "artistic plaster" which was described as a "perfect non-conductor" of heat. The ceilings in the new section had decorative cherubs set into the plaster which are still extant.</p><br>
<p>By 1930 DP OBrien had opened Leinster Private Hospital on the corner of Spencer and Agnes Streets but continued to reside and have consultation rooms at Avonleigh until 1938 when he leased the building to Dr VTJ Lynch who used Avonleigh as a surgery and residence. DP OBrien died in July 1941 and in 1944 the property was transferred to his widow Elizabeth O&#39;Brien.</p><br>
<p>In 1947 the property was purchased by William James Hinton who had a carrying business and used a portion of the ground floor as a warehouse. It was most likely during this tenure that the internal cedar stairs were removed, the external stairs installed and the rear structures demolished. In 1954 council records show the office on the ground floor was altered and in 1959 a temporary garage was erected. In 1958 the former John Headrick & Co warehouse adjacent to Avonleigh on the northern side was destroyed by fire.</p><br>
<p>In 1962 the mercantile company John Headrick & Co purchased Avonleigh for the purpose of using the vacant land at the rear as a parking space. The City Council required the company to construct two sets of stairs at the back of the building so each upstairs unit had a fire escape.</p><br>
<p>From 1969 a portion of the first floor was used as "Gallery Up Top" and display cases were installed. The timber entrance door of the gallery, originally internal, replaced a French light to emphasise the entry of the art gallery.</p><br>
<p>In 1978 Avonleigh was purchased by the present owners and has since been used as a doctor&#39;s surgery and other business offices on the ground floor and two residential units on the first floor.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Avonleigh, a two-storeyed structure with a concave hipped corrugated iron roof, is built fronting Quay Street overlooking the Fitzroy River to the northeast with rear access off Quay Lane. The building is constructed of Flemish bond brickwork with sandstone quoining, all of which has been painted. The building contains two professional suites to the ground floor, and two flats to the first floor.</p><br>
<p>The building has a two-storeyed verandah with a concave corrugated iron awning fronting Quay Street and returning along the southeast boundary abutting the adjacent Clewett&#39;s Building. The verandah has cast iron columns, brackets, valance and balustrade, with pedestals and frieze to the ground floor. The ground floor has a masonry upstand supporting the columns and balustrade, with two openings to provide access to the original main entrance at the southern end, and to the addition at the northern end. A timber framed dog-leg stair has been inserted midway along the verandah, with a timber batten balustrade to the lower flight, and cast iron balustrade to the upper flight. The southern return has been enclosed at ground floor level with a dowelled timber gate and vertically jointed boarding. The ground floor arched openings have painted sandstone quoining and voussoirs, and the original main entrance has a timber panelled door with arched glass fanlight and sidelight panels, with a carved keystone depicting a lions head and shell motif. The entrance is flanked by French doors with arched fanlights and timber shutters. The northern end of the building has a single entrance door with arched fanlight, and adjacent French doors which have arched fanlight and sidelight panels with a carved keystone depicting an arm holding a sword.</p><br>
<p>The first floor verandah has been enclosed at the southern end with glass louvres, and glass louvres and latticed timber panels frame the stair and form entrance screens to the two first floor flats. French doors open onto the verandah, and the northern end has timber slat blinds and a fibrous cement sheeted room with a corrugated iron hipped roof and a sash window with a timber batten and corrugated iron hood. The room abuts the northern boundary wall which has quoining to the Quay Street frontage.</p><br>
<p>The building has two rendered masonry chimney stacks, and the rear of the structure has a first floor verandah which has been enclosed with fibrous cement sheeting and casement and glass louvre windows. Two timber framed stairs access the first floor flats, and the rear wall of the building consists of painted brickwork and quoining at the southern end and rendered brickwork at the northern end. The ground floor has a lean-to addition at the northern end with fibrous cement wall sheeting and a corrugated iron skillion roof. The southeast ground floor verandah space has been enclosed to form a laundry area.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the building has rendered walls and cedar skirtings, architraves and panelled doors. The ground floor northern professional suite has decorative plaster ceilings and cornices, with central panels depicting cherubs located in the principal rooms. The northern entrance accesses a reception area, which opens into a rear room which has an arch separating a narrow rear section with a wired glass skillion skylight. The skylight has been sheeted over externally, and the arch has moulded imposts and a central shield depicting an arm holding a sword. The rear section opens to an attached lean-to housing a kitchenette. A large room is located adjacent to the reception, with French doors with arched fanlight and sidelights of coloured glass.</p><br>
<p>The southern professional suite has two large rooms either side of a wide entrance and reception area. The entrance has coloured glass fanlight and sidelights, and an arch with Corinthian order imposts divides the space. This area originally housed a cedar staircase, the location of which is evidenced by infill to the boarded timber ceiling. The southern room has a corner fireplace with painted timber surround, and the northern room has a central fireplace with marble surround.</p><br>
<p>The first floor northern flat has decorative plaster ceilings and cornices, with central panels depicting cherubs located in the principal rooms. The rear verandah has been enclosed to accommodate kitchen and bathroom facilities. The southern flat has two large rooms either side of a central entrance hallway accessed via a timber panelled door, with enclosed verandahs at the rear and to the south. The two large rooms have boarded timber ceilings with deep cornices, of which the southern room has expressed dentils. The northern room has a painted timber fireplace surround, and the southern room has a marble fireplace surround. The hallway has an arch at the rear, accessing the enclosed rear verandah, which originally housed a sash window to the stair as evidenced by extant framing and architraves. A kitchen and bathroom are located at the rear, and a laundry to the south. The enclosure at the southern end of the front verandah houses a second bedroom.</p><br>
<p>The rear of the property contains a car parking area entered via Quay Lane.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Avonleigh was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Avonleigh forms part of the historic Quay Street precinct which is distinguished by its substantial 19th century buildings. Erected in 1885, Avonleigh is one of two buildings originally designed and constructed as domestic structures in the street which is dominated by commercial buildings and reflects the affluent development which occurred in Rockhampton during the boom time of gold mining at Mount Morgan from 1882.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Avonleigh, through its form, scale and materials, makes a strong aesthetic and architectural contribution to the Quay Street streetscape and Rockhampton townscape. The building&#39;s decorative cast iron verandahs emphasise the nineteenth century character of the street and quayside, and are important in assisting the interpretation of the original section of the building as a substantial late nineteenth century residence. The building also has fine interior materials and finishes, the detailing of which reflects a fine quality of workmanship.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Avonleigh has special association for the people of Rockhampton as part of the historical streetscape of Quay Street which is closely associated with the image of the city. Avonleighs conversion in 1906 to one of the first private hospitals in Rockhampton and its subsequent use as a medical surgery gives it an association with the local community as one of Rockhamptons longstanding medical surgeries.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Avonleigh has special association with Frederick Morgan who with his brothers in 1882, was responsible for the commencement of goldmining at Mount Morgan. Avonleigh was erected as his residence in 1885 after the sale of his shares in Mount Morgan and as such is a manifestation of the early success of the Mount Morgan Mines.</p><br>
<p>The Old Brulay Plantation is a Southern plantation with a historic mansion located in Brownsville, Texas, USA. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since October 10, 1975.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The plantation was established circa 1870 by George Paul Brulay, a French immigrant. It was first a cotton plantation, followed by a sugar plantation. Because it was established after the American Civil War of 1861-1865, the plantation never hired black slaves.</p><br>
<p>When tariffs on Cuban sugar were removed c. 1910, the plantation closed down. It was acquired by immigrants from Japan prior to World War I.</p><br>
<p>The plantation was purchased by the Nye family in 1931. By 2016, it still belonged to the same family.</p><br>
<p>Block A of the Rockhampton Technical College is a heritage-listed technical college building at Bolsover Street, Rockhampton City, Rockhampton, Rockhampton Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Thomas Pye and built in 1914. It is also known as Rockhampton College of T.A.F.E. and Rockhampton State High School and Technical College. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Central Queensland Institute of Technical and Further Education, Rockhampton Campus, in particular "A" Block fronting Bolsover Street, is important for its association with the history of education in Rockhampton. The building is also an important component of the central business district of the city. The original building, "A" Block, was constructed in 1914 and the Science Block, "D" Block (demolished), was constructed in 1919.</p><br>
<p>After the short lived Canoona gold rush of 1858, Rockhampton was proclaimed as a town and declared a "port of entry". The first moves to establish classes for a Technical College in Rockhampton began in July 1861. This was initiated by the first committee of the Rockhampton School of Arts, which had stated its primary aims to include "the diffusion of literary, scientific and other useful knowledge to be attained by means of a reading room. The delivery of lectures, a library, and the establishment of classes." The School of Arts building, which was constructed in 1865, was replaced in 1894 when a new School of Arts was built.</p><br>
<p>Despite the grandiose hopes of educating the community of Rockhampton, initial community reaction to the use of the public reading room was lukewarm. Courses were offered in classical languages, at various times, but the standard of education was dependent upon interest from the local community, and the standard of school teachers who were willing to contribute to after hours lectures.</p><br>
<p>In 1890 a drawing class was established by the School of Arts Committee. Technical courses such as drawing classes were offered, which later provided the impetus for a centre of higher learning. Classes were also offered in mechanical and technical drawing, as well as other practical subjects such as carpentry.</p><br>
<p>The first Technical College was constructed in Brisbane in 1882. In 1898 the Brisbane Technical College Act was passed, which established a governing council for the College. However other technical Colleges, such as Rockhampton, were to be run by independent boards. In 1902 a Board of Technical Education, created by thirty-four Technical Colleges throughout Queensland, was established to advise the Minister for Public Instruction. The Board was abolished in 1905 when a separate branch of the department was established.</p><br>
<p>In 1904 a dedicated School of Mines opened in Rockhampton. This educational centre was conducted in Alma Street behind the School of Arts building. Classes were offered in metallurgy, mineralogy, geology and chemistry. An indifferent response from students saw the School of Mines close in 1906. Additional classes were offered in regional centres such as Mount Morgan and Gladstone. The classes offered by the School of Arts Committee were subsidised by the state government.</p><br>
<p>The State Government passed of the Government Technical Schools Act 1908, allowing for the establishment of vocational/education based studies. In 1909 the classes were placed in control of a Technical College Committee that was separate from the Rockhampton School of Arts. The Technical College Committee was a partially elected, partially Government nominated body. Classes were still held in the School of Arts building, and additional classroom space was made available in the Market Building (Schotia Place), for cookery classes, opposite the School of Arts building in Bolsover Street.</p><br>
<p>The Department of Public Instruction had been involved with the design of primary and technical schools since 1907, utilising knowledge gained from overseas trips by other educational authorities in Australia. American educationalists favoured the establishment of separate departments in separate buildings, spread out over a large site, but grouped systematically together. Plans of this type were prepared for Technical Colleges in Mackay and Mount Morgan.</p><br>
<p>In 1910 additional classes were added to the curriculum, including mathematics. However the curriculum, and the number of classes being offered by the Technical College, was overtaxing available space in the School of Arts building. In 1911 a Certificate of Title was issued to the Secretary for Public Instruction for Allotment 2 of Section 48, granting title for over two acres of land in Bolsover Street, and planning began for the construction of a Technical College for Rockhampton.</p><br>
<p>In 1912 a donation of a half acre of land fronting Alma Street was made to the Technical College by James Stewart. The Science Block of the Technical College (D Block) was to be subsequently constructed on this site in 1919.</p><br>
<p>Stewart was the founder of James Stewart and Co., a millinery company that expanded into the retail and drapery trade during the latter part of the 19th century. Stewarts maintained branch stores in Blackall, Barcaldine, Longreach and Mount Morgan. The company was situated in Stewarts Criterion House, and in the 1920s employed over three hundred workers in Rockhampton. Stewart was generous in his gifts to the community, also purchasing a former Congregational Church in Bolsover Street and donating it for the use of the Presbyterian Church in Rockhampton.</p><br>
<p>Following the donation of land to the Technical College Committee in 1912, £1,400 was raised by local subscription towards the erection of a purpose built building for the Technical College. The Government was to supply four fifths of the cost of building and equipment for the Technical College.</p><br>
<p>The Department of Public Instruction approved the construction of the main building in July 1913, and estimated the cost of construction at £12,733. Construction of the building (now "A" Block) began in early 1914, and Mr CG Davies was the overseer of the construction work. The work was supervised by the Department of Public Works, and the design was produced by the office of Government Architect Alfred Barton Brady (1856-1932). However, Deputy Government Architect Thomas Pye (1861-1930) is thought to have been involved in the actual design. Other buildings designed by this office include the Elizabeth Street building, Brisbane General Post Office (1908), Administration Centre of Challinor Centre (Ipswich Mental Hospital, 1914), and Windsor State School (1915-16). At this time, work was also proceeding on the Brisbane Central Technical College and Warwick Technical College.</p><br>
<p>The Rockhampton Morning Bulletin reported on the construction of the Technical College buildings in May 1914</p><br>
<p>The new technical college buildings in Bolsover Street are gradually assuming the shape intended by their designer:"The whole of the subdividing walls are equally advanced, whilst the heavy timber joists have been laid ready to receive the reinforced concrete of which the floor will be constructed". The stonework hitherto has proved something of a check upon the rate of progress, chiefly because of the scarcity of masons, and the enormous amount of work that is necessary to prepare some of the arch pieces."The building at this time had only fifteen workers actually employed on construction, six of them being masons. Stonework used was from the Stanwell quarry, and to speed up the building work four masons were sent from Brisbane. Decorative stonework was also to be incorporated onto the face of the building, consisting of eleven carved shields. Overall the work was expected to be finished within its specified completion date (end of 1914), and"there is every reason for believing that... Rockhampton will possess an up to date college building with a floor space of between 14,000 and 15,000 square feet"The new Technical College building opened in 1915 for its first pupils receiving training in semi-vocational courses. In 1918 the Department of Public Instruction assumed full control of the Technical College. At this time the Technical Instruction Amendment Act had been passed by the State Government which was to further increase the centralisation of technical colleges, and to place them under the administration of the Department of Public Instruction.</p><br>
<p>On 3 February 1919, the Department established the Technical High School, in conjunction with the Technical College. Courses were to be offered for day students for the first time. The Technical College Committee, at the time of the takeover of the College, was in a relatively strong financial position, having £900 in the general fund and £300 in the building fund. The establishment of the High School combined with the Technical College was the first institution of its kind in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The Science Block (D Block) was constructed in 1919. The two- storeyed brick building was constructed at a cost of £4,596. The building faced Alma Street, and contained</p><br>
<p>practical physics, engine testing and plumbing class rooms, together with office, teacher&#39;s room, and store on ground floor. The upper floor contains chemical laboratory, balance and lecture room, drawing room, and store.</p><br>
<p>The design was produced by the office of Government Architect Mr AB Brady, with construction being undertaken by the Public Works Department. The full block was not completed.</p><br>
<p>By 1920 the first Technical High School classes for day students were established. The increasing emphasis on technical and commercial courses saw an increasing number of enrolments in the Technical College. Additional classrooms were also provided at a cost of £1,127. Training was offered in a wide variety of trades for apprentices. Many trade workers in Rockhampton received training from the Queensland Railway Workshops, building, motor and electrical trades. During the depression era, the Rockhampton Technical College also offered free training to youths unable to find employment. Over one hundred young people were trained in wood working, sheet metal work and trade drawing.</p><br>
<p>The standard of education within the College received a further boost in 1925 when training was offered in the Queensland University Diploma in Mechanical and Electrical drawing (continuing on a curriculum tradition established by the Rockhampton School of Arts).</p><br>
<p>During the Second World War special classes were initiated under the Commonwealth Munition Training Scheme. Sixty fitters and eighty turners were trained and sent to various parts of the state involved in the production of war materials.</p><br>
<p>In 1933 Bolsover Chambers adjoining the Technical College property in Bolsover Street was purchased, and converted into a workshop in the same year. This was later converted into the Engineering Block with access from both Bolsover Lane and Bolsover Street. Another building, the former Evening News building, was also acquired for additional activities of the College.</p><br>
<p>An extension was made to the southeastern part of the "A" Block building in 1934. The extension included a new assembly hall and domestic science classroom.</p><br>
<p>In 1945 the school became a Junior Technical Training College, and special classes were also initiated for returned servicemen under the Commonwealth Post War Reconstruction Training Scheme, as a rehabilitation initiative. In 1955 there were 1,650 enrolments in the various trade, diploma, commercial, art, adult and primary domestic science classes. A full-time staff of 11, and a part-time staff of 29 provided education in the above courses.</p><br>
<p>In 1958 a two-storeyed additional building was built fronting Bolsover Lane. The building was established for the use of an Electrical Trades Block, and incorporated electrical laboratories, and heat engine laboratories.</p><br>
<p>A new High School was opened for students in Rockhampton on 14 May 1960, opposite the Rockhampton Show Grounds. From 1960 students began to transfer into the new buildings, as a result of overcrowding at the Bolsover and Alma Street location. At the end of 1960 approval was given for the construction of three additional wings at the new High School for a cost of £114,020.</p><br>
<p>A second trades workshop was proposed for the Technical College site in 1963, adjoining the 1919 Science Building (D Block). A Plumbing Shop on the site was to be demolished for the new workshop, which was constructed in 1964 at a cost of £63,167. A motor mechanics workshop was provided in 1966.</p><br>
<p>A proposal was also put forward in 1966 to convert the "A" Block building into the Central Queensland Campus of the Queensland Institute of Technology. The new Institute of Technology was part of the further development of Queensland higher education being undertaken at this period. In 1966, the Capricornia Institute of Technology was established in Rockhampton. At the same time, the Queensland Institute of Technology was established at the site of the Brisbane Central Technical College. Newer Technical College campuses were also being established throughout Queensland, at places such as Yeronga and Eagle Farm. Regional centres were expected to develop their own centres of advanced learning. The Rockhampton Institute has since developed into the Capricornia College of Advanced Education, and the University of Central Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The Bolsover Street Campus did not form part of the development of the centre of advanced learning, but has since been converted into the administrative centre for the Central Queensland Institute of T.A.F.E., Rockhampton Campus. Work was undertaken in 1993-94 to underpin the foundations of the southern end of "A" Block and to repair severe cracking.</p><br>
<p>Due to severe structural problems, "D" Block was demolished in 1997-98, and lot 13 and part of lot 14 on plan LN 804845 were removed from the heritage register in May 1999.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Central Queensland Institute of T.A.F.E., Rockhampton Campus, fronts Bolsover Street to the northeast, Alma Street to the southwest, and is bisected by Bolsover Lane. The complex contains several buildings, with the significant structure being "A" Block, which fronts Bolsover Street. "D" Block (former Science Block now demolished), fronted Alma Street.</p><br>
<h3>A Block (1914)</h3><br>
<p>"A" Block, a Federation era two-storeyed brick and sandstone structure, has a ribbed metal gable roof with a central cupola, consisting of a dome supported by a ring of columns on a square base with a central ridge ventilator. The Bolsover Street elevation is a symmetrical composition, mostly faced with sandstone, consisting of a two-storeyed verandah penetrated by gabled projections either side of a central entrance.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor central entrance has low wrought iron gates and is flanked by Ionic columns supporting an entablature with the name TECHNICAL COLLEGE in relief to the frieze, and prominent dentils to the cornice. The columns are framed by pilasters with decorative carvings in relief. The entrance is flanked by an arch to either side, and each arch has an expressed keystone and extrados, with a decorative wrought iron balustrade. The first floor verandah has sandstone pillars with decorative wrought iron balustrading, and pilasters featuring relief carvings and wrought iron lamps above the entrance.</p><br>
<p>The gable sections have face brickwork with sandstone corner pilasters and window mouldings. The ground floor pilasters have relief carvings, and the first floor pilasters, which project above the parapet terminating in a shallow cornice, have expressed coursing. Both floors have a large central multi-paned casement window flanked by a narrower multi-paned sash window to either side. These windows have sandstone sill and head mouldings, with an expressed keystone to the central window. The gable parapet has a central circular opening surrounded by a sandstone moulding, with the letters A.D. to the southern gable and the year 1914 to the northern gable.</p><br>
<p>The gable sections are flanked by verandahs at either end of the Bolsover Street elevation. These verandahs have sandstone pillars with decorative wrought iron balustrading to both floors, and metal lattice valance panels to the ground floor. The end pilaster has relief carvings to the ground floor and expressed coursing to the first floor, and projects above the parapet terminating in a shallow cornice.</p><br>
<p>Both ends of the building have a gabled parapet, with a central circular opening surrounded by a sandstone moulding, with the year 1914 to the northern end, and regularly spaced multi-paned sash windows to both floors.</p><br>
<p>The rear of the building has regularly spaced multi-paned casement windows to both floors, and downpipes with pressed metal rainwater heads. A centrally positioned free-standing two-storeyed masonry structure is located behind the building, and is linked via a covered walkway on both levels. This structure has a corrugated iron hipped roof, high level multi-paned windows, and houses toilets for the use of students to both levels. An earlier opening at the rear has been bricked-up.</p><br>
<p>The main entrance has paired timber doors with fanlight framed by sandstone quoining and surmounted by a deep sandstone cornice. Each door has an oval, multi-paned glass panel to the upper section, and timber panelling to the lower section, and the fanlight has leaded glass. Adjacent to the entrance is a marble plaque with an inscription commemorating the donation of the land by James Stewart. The entrance is flanked by sash windows, and French doors with fanlights and sash windows open onto the verandah from both floors.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the entrance foyer has a timber panelled dado, and timber panelling surrounding the reception. The reception counter has an adjacent notice board, and both are surmounted by timber pediments with the names ENQUIRY and NOTICES in relief. A central corridor runs the length of the building, and a concrete half-turn stair with landings and metal balustrade is located opposite the entrance foyer. The stair and entrance foyer are separated from the corridor by segmental arches with expressed keystone, voussoirs and impost mouldings. A timber door, with a multi-paned glass upper panel, is located below the stair and accesses the ground floor of the toilet block at the rear. A second door is located on the upper landing of the stair and accesses the upper level of the toilet block. The building has rendered masonry walls, fibrous cement ceilings with timber battens, and linoleum floor coverings to public spaces.</p><br>
<p>A library is located at the northern end of the ground floor, a classroom is located at the southern end, and offices and service rooms open off the corridor. The first floor contains classrooms, offices and service rooms opening off the central corridor.</p><br>
<h3>D Block (former Science Block 1919) - demolished</h3><br>
<p>"D" Block, a two-storeyed brick structure, had an L-shaped plan with a corrugated iron gable roof to the front section and a hipped roof to the rear.</p><br>
<p>The Alma Street elevation was an asymmetrical composition, consisting of a gabled section with an adjacent entrance wing on the northwestern side. The building had rendered details including sills and window heads. The entrance was located at the northwestern end and was framed with rendered mouldings consisting of an arched head with expressed keystone, framed by pilasters supporting a deep cornice, and the name SCIENCE & ENGINEERING in relief to the frieze. A wide first floor casement window was located above the entrance, with narrower casements adjacent to the ground and first floor. The gable section had a slightly projecting central bay which housed a pair of wide casement windows to both floors. These windows were united by a common rendered head moulding surmounted by a shallow cornice. The gable had a central circular roof ventilation opening with rendered surround.</p><br>
<p>The southeastern wall was blank to the front section, with regularly spaced multi-paned sash windows to the rear wing, which was slightly recessed. The northwestern wall was similarly blank to the front section, with a central circular roof ventilation opening to the gable, and a slightly recessed stairwell projecting at the rear. The rear wing had a verandah along the northwestern side, which returned to align with the stairwell at the western end, and abutted a hipped roofed projecting room at the northern end. The verandah had timber posts, with curved timber brackets and a battened valance to the ground floor, and a curved timber valance to the first floor. The first floor had a metal railing, with a non-original walkway linking it to an adjacent building. Timber panelled doors opened onto the verandah, and the stairwell had a multi-paned sash window to the first floor. The lower part of the first floor exterior walls, along the northwestern side of the building, had been rendered in an attempt to overcome rising damp deterioration to the brickwork. However, the brickwork above the rendered section showed evidence of deterioration.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the entrance foyer had paired timber doors with an arched fanlight, and an adjacent reception/office with timber panelling to counter height, and multi-paned sash windows and fixed glazing above. The stairwell, located opposite, had a timber stair with battened balustrade, timber newel posts and handrail. The building had timber skirtings, architraves and window sills, and the ceilings were boarded. The ground floor walls were rendered, and the first floor walls were only partly rendered. The plan of the building consisted of a large classroom on the southwestern side fronting Alma Street, with a smaller classroom at the rear, and smaller offices and service rooms surrounding the stairwell. The building showed evidence of severe cracking due to foundation movement.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>A Block of the Rockhampton Technical College was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>A Block is important for its association with the establishment and development of education in Rockhampton and central Queensland. The Government Technical Schools Act 1908 allowed for the establishment of vocational/education based studies, and the Rockhampton Technical High School combined with the Technical College was the first institution of its kind in Queensland, and was to be the precursor of other such developments in provincial cities throughout Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is also important in demonstrating the development of the civic centre of Rockhampton, particularly during the early part of the twentieth century.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The place is significant in relation to cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The building is also a good example of technical college structures of the period, which evolved in response to progressive thinking in the design and planning of educational institutions.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>A Block, constructed in 1914, is of considerable architectural merit, and its form and fabric illustrate a skilled design approach. "A" Block also demonstrates a fine quality of workmanship in the detailing of its materials and finishes. The building makes an important aesthetic contribution to the Bolsover Street streetscape, and is an important component of the civic centre of Rockhampton.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The place is significant for its association with the Rockhampton community being a principal centre of education since 1914.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The site is also associated with prominent businessman James Stewart, who in 1912 donated a parcel of land fronting Alma Street for the establishment of the Technical College.</p><br>
<p>The building is a significant example of the work produced by the office of Government Architect Alfred Barton Brady, and Deputy Architect Thomas Pye, other examples of which include the Elizabeth Street building, Brisbane General Post Office (1908), Administration Centre of the Challinor Centre (1914) (Ipswich Mental Hospital), and Windsor State School (1915–16).</p><br>
<p>Hampton Hall is a historic mansion in Woodville, Mississippi, USA.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The land belonged to John Brown until he sold it to Hugh Connell in 1820. Connell built the house circa 1825-1832. It was purchased by Susan Davis in 1847, followed by Daniel Hoard in 1849. When he died in 1869, it was inherited by his widow, Verona Regular, followed by her niece Joan McManus in 1875. One of her daughters, Blanche McManus, became a noted children&#39;s author, and inherited the house with her two sisters in 1909. She did the murals in the parlour.</p><br>
<p>The house was purchased by Maxwell Bramlette in 1947. It was inherited by David Clay Bramlette III in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural significance</h2><br>
<p>It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since October 24, 1980.</p><br>
<p>The John B. Curtis Free Public Library is the public library of Bradford, Maine. It is located at 435 Main Road in the village center, in an architecturally distinguished 1915 Classical Revival building designed by John Calvin Stevens and John Howard Stevens. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and history</h2><br>
<p>The John B. Curtis Free Public Library is located at the crossroads that defines the rural village center of Bradford, a rural community north of Bangor. It stands at the northeast corner of Main and East Roads, the former marked with Maine State Routes 11 and 221, and the latter with SR 155. It is a modest single-story masonry structure, built of brick and set on a raised foundation of rough-cut granite. The main facade faces west toward Main Road, and is three bays wide, with keystoned sash windows flanking a center entrance. The entrance is gained via broad granite steps, and is framed by Ionic pilasters and a broad entablature, with a half-round fanlight window above. A small ell extends the building to the rear. Inside is a vestibule leading to a single large chamber in the main block, with a small chamber and stairs to the basement in the ell. The transition from the vestibule to the main room is marked by a Colonial Revival arch, which is echoed in the framing of the fireplace on the opposite wall.</p><br>
<p>The library was built in 1914-15, with funding from a bequest by John Bacon Curtis, who was raised in Bradford and made a business fortune developing machinery for the shaping and packaging of spruce gum. It was a collaborative design of Portland architect John Calvin Stevens and his son John Howard Stevens, and is the most distinctively Classical Revival library design of the elder Stevens.</p><br>
<p>The Mechanicsville Historic District encompasses a cluster of residential properties that are all that remain of one of the early industrial areas of Grafton, Vermont. Located a short way east of Grafton Village on Vermont Route 121, it includes ten well-preserved 19th-century properties, some located on properties where early mills once stood. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The area that is now Grafton was first chartered in 1754, but only began to see permanent settlement in the late 1770s, in the towns Middletown section. Grafton Village developed around the confluence of two branches of the Saxtons River, a tributary of the Connecticut River. Mechanicsville, a short way downstream from Grafton Village, was, along with the main village, one of the places where grist and lumber mills were established early in the towns history. Three of its lumber mills (none of which stand anymore) survived into the 20th century, supporting the local economy until the last one closed in the 1960s. The result is a collection of residential structures, mainly from the first half of the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The historic district consists of a cluster of twelve houses, ten of which are historical. The seven on the north side of Route 121 are roughly centered opposited the Howland Mill Bridge, while the remaining five are west of the bridge, between the road and river. Most of the houses are set close to the road, and are stylistically vernacular interpretations of Federal and Greek Revival styles, although there is one moderately Italianate house. The two non-contributing properties in the district are a modest 2000s Colonial Revival house, and a 19th-century blacksmith&#39;s shop that has been moved and converted into a residence.</p><br>
<p>Bulletin Building is a heritage-listed printing house at 162-164 Quay Street, Rockhampton, Rockhampton Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Roy Chipps and built in 1926 by R Cousins & Company. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 5 December 2005.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Constructed in 1926, the Bulletin Building was built by R Cousins & Company, to a design by prominent Rockhampton architect, Roy Chipps. A purpose-built newspaper office, the Bulletin Building was constructed when an earlier building on site was demolished. Established in 1861, The Morning Bulletin remains as Rockhampton&#39;s oldest newspaper.</p><br>
<p>The Morning Bulletin earned a dominating position among the city&#39;s press is largely due to a long line of distinguished editors beginning with its founder William Hitchcock Buzacott and his brother, Charles Hardie Buzacott between 1861-1880. From 1880 and 1911, William McIlwraith and John Blair were the proprietors of the newspaper. In 1911, McIlwraith and Blair were followed by three generations of the Dunn family company, who carried the Bulletin into the modern age and the subsequent competition of electronic media.</p><br>
<p>Since 1861 the Bulletin&#39;s only name changes has been the dropping of "Northern Queensland Advertiser" from the title and in 1873 its emergence as the Morning Bulletin.</p><br>
<p>The original home of The Morning Bulletin was in Quay Street near the Customs House in a timber building owned by John Ward. On 14 August 1862 the Bulletin office burnt down and the presses destroyed. Following the destruction of the first building by fire, the office of The Morning Bulletin was moved to a two-storeyed masonry building in Denham Street.</p><br>
<p>The popularity of The Morning Bulletin was such that, from 1873, it began the new year as a daily newspaper. It was the first daily paper, outside of Brisbane, issued in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Following the death of WH Buzacott in 1880, William McIlwraith became the owner of the Morning Bulletin. In 1883, McIlwraith was joined in partnership by John Blair.</p><br>
<p>It was during McIlwraith&#39;s ownership, in the early 1880s when, with increases in the local population and the circulation of the paper, the Denham Street building became too small to house the growing staff. At this time, the office was moved to a building in East Street. It was from this office in East Street that a larger office in Quay Street was planned in the mid-1920s.</p><br>
<p>On 20 December 1910, John Blair died suddenly in Rockhampton. By 11 March 1911, a new era had begun for The Morning Bulletin, following Andrew Dunn Snrs purchase of the newspaper form William McIlwraith. Dunns son, also Andrew, had joined The Morning Bulletin in 1905. Dunns employment with the newspaper began a long association which was to last 43 years. Dunn Jnr took over as Managing-Editor of the Morning Bulletin following his fathers purchase of the newspaper in 1911.</p><br>
<p>Dunn is credited with making The Morning Bulletin and Capricornian more modern in the sense that there was provided to the reader more popular articles and after several years, a series of articles by staff members using pseudonyms.</p><br>
<p>It was during the Dunn family&#39;s ownership of The Morning Bulletin that new offices were constructed along Quay Street. The new address of The Morning Bulletin became 162-164 Quay Street from 1927.</p><br>
<p>The architect commissioned to design the new building for The Morning Bulletin was Roy Chipps. Chipps trained as an architect in New South Wales, moving to Brisbane in 1917 to commence an architectural practice, forming a partnership with CH Griffin from 1919-22. In 1923, following a move to Rockhampton, Chipps established a thriving practice which operated until 1936, when he was joined in partnership by WC Nichols. Chipps became a non-resident partner in the practice until it dissolved in 1939. The Chipps designed building remains as the office of The Morning Bulletin.</p><br>
<p>Capricornia Newspapers Pty Ltd, an Australian Provincial Newspapers subsidiary purchased the property in December 1976.</p><br>
<p>Australian Provincial Newspapers is a media company that consists of three divisions - Newspaper, Outdoor Advertising and Radio. The Newspaper division publishes more than 65 titles in northern New South Wales and south and central Queensland. Australian Provincial Newspapers owns a number of newspapers from Mackay to Coffs Harbour along the eastern coastline, and inland to Emerald, Biloela, Ipswich, Toowoomba, Warwick, Lismore, Grafton and Chinchilla. The Capricornia Newspapers subsidiary owns Gladstones The Observer, Yeppoons Capricorn Coast Mirror, Emeralds Central Queensland News, and Biloelas Central Telegraph.</p><br>
<p>In May 1992, Australian Provincial Newspapers offered shares to the public through the Australian Stock Exchange, believing that the public should own their local newspaper. It was expected that this would raise and additional $80 million in revenue - this figure was well exceeded due to public demand. The funds have been earmarked for payment of existing debts and to allow for expansion of operations in their various plants, updating of computers and other facilities.</p><br>
<p>The Morning Bulletin currently employs about 165 staff, including casual staff. The composing areas, production and editorial staff rotate between day and night shifts. Currently, the Morning Bulletin has a circulation of approximately 20,000 on weekdays and 26,500 on Saturdays.</p><br>
<p>The Harris Web press, installed approximately 25 years ago, is the press utilised by Australian Provincial Newspapers and produces approximately 420 papers per minute.</p><br>
<p>After almost 88 years of working from the Bulletin Building, The Morning Bulletin ceased operations from the iconic multi-storey building on 21 March 2014. The newspaper temporarily relocated to an office at 35 Fitzroy Street, opposite the City Centre Plaza shopping centre.</p><br>
<p>But despite the newspaper&#39;s editor, Frazer Pearce, favourably describing the Fitzroy Street building as "decades ahead" for the functionality of an evolving business, The Morning Bulletin only remained at the address for approximately six months. In late 2014, The Morning Bulletin moved again when the newspaper relocated to their current address at 220 Quay Street - a small ground-level office in a building shared with the ANZ Bank, Bank of Queensland and Ray White Real Estate.</p><br>
<p>In August 2015, it was announced former Rockhampton resident Bevan Slattery had purchased the old Bulletin Building in Quay Street. At the time of purchase, Slattery said that he didn&#39;t have any firm plans for the Bulletin Building but hoped to eventually create a space to expand his business while helping other start-up companies.</p><br>
<p>Despite the changes and downsizing within the newspaper industry, which has resulted in numerous regional newspapers such as The Morning Bulletin moving out of their traditional homes and into smaller office buildings, The Morning Bulletin continues to be the most well-read newspaper in Central Queensland.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Bulletin Building is a three-storey, rendered concrete building; the design of the building is classical with symmetrical facade, classical detailing and features which are stripped of ornamentation. The principal facade of the building is divided into bays by pilasters rising up through the three storeys dividing the face into five evenly spaced window bays. Large window openings line the facade; these are filled with non-original glazing in modern aluminium frames.</p><br>
<p>The entrance to the building is centrally located and emphasised with a concrete hood supported on shallow scrolled corbels and featuring relief lettering, BULLETIN BUILDING. The parapet of the building is curved along its length rising in the centre with a small semi-circular projection on which is relief lettering, EST 1861.</p><br>
<p>The main walls are reinforced concrete with breeze brick in fills. The entrance lobby is concrete floor with marble foyer. All other floors are constructed from concrete. The internal walls are reinforced concrete with breeze brick in fills.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the first floor has a later suspended ceiling throughout. This floor consists of office space, including the addition of new walls to create further office spaces. Early remaining internal elements include four sets of steel-framed windows along the eastern side of the building and timber doors leading to the press room at the southern end of the first floor. The Harris Web Press takes up a substantial portion of the press room.</p><br>
<p>The second floor has a later suspended ceiling throughout with a generally open office plan. Early remaining internal elements on this floor include timber doors on the northern side of the floor.</p><br>
<p>The third floor space is used for conference room facilities, similar to the other floors; there is a later suspended ceiling throughout.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The Bulletin Building was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 5 December 2005 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Constructed in 1926 as a purpose-built newspaper office, the Bulletin Building is significant for its association with Morning Bulletin which, established in 1861, is the earliest surviving newspaper in Rockhampton, and is an integral part of the history of Rockhampton and district.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Bulletin Building is a good example of Stripped Classical architectural treatment, designed to be congruous with neighbouring 19th century buildings.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>In its scale, massing and facade articulation, the Bulletin Building complements other Quay Street buildings most of which date from the 19th century, and is an integral part of a premier Queensland streetscape.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The Bulletin Building is significant for its association with the community of Rockhampton and surrounding area and those who have been, and continue to be, part of the Morning Bulletin story, including the editors, reporters and administration staff, past and present.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Bulletin Building is significant as an example of the work of the architect Roy Chipps in this architectural style during his long practice in Rockhampton. It is also especially significant for its association with the Dunn family who owned the newspaper for over seventy years and had the Bulletin Building designed and constructed.</p><br>
<p>Rockhampton Town Hall is a heritage-listed town hall at 232 Bolsover Street, Rockhampton City, Rockhampton, Rockhampton Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Hockings & Palmer and built from 1939 to 1941 by John Hutchinson. It is also known as Rockhampton City Hall and Rockhampton Council Chambers. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 29 April 2003.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Rockhampton emerged as an important Queensland regional centre during the 1850s and 1860s. This development took on especial prominence after the discovery of the mining wealth at Mount Morgan in 1882. The additional affluence that flowed on for Rockhampton fuelled a rapid expansion of public and private buildings and residences throughout the City and surrounds. This building boom allowed for many grand places to be constructed, especially renowned along the commercial and government sector near the wharves on Quay Street, to the many elite residences found on "The Range". Despite this building expansion into the 1900s, Rockhampton never achieved a purpose built Town Hall until 1941.</p><br>
<p>An 1878 reference to premises utilised by Rockhamptons Council, stated:"Our municipal edifices are more useful than ornamental. The Council Chambers (by one aspiring Mayor denominated "Temporary Town Hall") are of wood and iron, lined, in an airy spot, and well verandahed; on an adjoining reserve the Fire Engine Shed, and Kerosene Store, are erected."On 21 June 1897, a foundation stone for the future town hall was laid by Rockhampton Mayor Mr Littler to mark the occasion of Queen Victorias Diamond Jubilee. At this occasion Mr Littler let it be known that the Council could not proceed immediately with the building, but felt that construction would probably be able to commence some time over the next ten years. Although occasionally referred to in election speeches through the ensuing years, it wasn&#39;t until 1936 that the Council decided to invite designs for a town hall.</p><br>
<p>Seven designs were submitted by Rockhampton and Brisbane architects, but for various reasons, particularly financial, none of these designs were found satisfactory. It wasn&#39;t until an amended design, originally submitted by the Rockhampton architectural firm of Hockings and Palmer, was accepted and the contract let to the firm of John Hutchinson and Sons (of Brisbane), before construction was able commence.</p><br>
<p>Edwin Morton Hockings (1870-1942) commenced his architectural career under the tutelage of Brisbane architect Richard Gailey. Hockings career took a major change in 1890 with his success in winning a design competition for the new Rockhampton Girls Grammar School. Though Gaileys firm took over the final design work, Hockings departed to Rockhampton as the firms clerk of works. In 1895 he was elected an Associate of the Queensland Institute of Architects, and thereafter commenced his own practice in Rockhampton from where he made his design mark throughout Central Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Hockings saw service and was wounded in the Anglo-Boer War (1899-1902), where he commanded a Squadron of the Third Queensland Contingent. In this period he also formed a productive partnership (Hutton and Hockings, Architects and Building Surveyors) with A.M. Hutton, 1898-1904. Hockings went on the serve in the early part of World War One, but again returned to an architectural profession, forming another successful partnership (Hockings and Palmer) in Rockhampton with Leslie Tarween Palmer, 1916-1938. Hockings went on to form a final partnership with his son, Thomas Hocking (E.M. and T. Hockings/Hockings and Son), 1939-40. Edwin Morton Hockings survived to see the completion of his last major work, Rockhampton&#39;s Town Hall, and died in Rockhampton on 21 December 1942.</p><br>
<p>On 25 February 1939, Rockhampton&#39;s Mayor Mr R. Will Evans (1936–43), turned the first sod for the start of work on the new Town Hall, followed a month later (on 25 March) by the laying of the foundation stone. Progress though was delayed, mainly the result of a temporary shortage of building materials and wet weather particularly during the construction of the foundations. The cost of construction of this new Town Hall was approximately £50,000, and in the end took two years to complete "this massive block, which in size, design and appointments surpasses any civic centre in Queensland outside of Brisbane."</p><br>
<p>During World War II a great deal of responsibility rested on the shoulders of the two war-time Mayors, R. Will Evans (1936–43) and Henry Jeffries (1943–52). From August 1942, Rockhamptons Town Hall became the headquarters for General Robert L. Eichelberger and the 41st Infantry Division of the United States Army. Rockhampton City Council virtually placed the City at the disposal of army authorities, both Australian and American, and so in turn contributed to Australias defence during the Pacific Campaign (1941–45).</p><br>
<p>In 2015, the Rockhampton Town Hall continues to function as the hub of the Rockhampton Regional Council&#39;s operations.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Rockhamptons Town Hall, addressing Bolsover Street in the city centre, is an imposing two storey brick building on a granite plinth, which contains the town hall and offices. The freestanding building sits within expansive grounds known as the Town Hall Reserve. These grounds, being mostly level, have simple designs of lawns and mature trees including plantings of Cuban Royal Palms (Roystonea regia), Travellers Palms (Ravenala madagascariensis), and other species.</p><br>
<p>All four of the buildings facades are similar symmetrical articulated planes of face brickwork with projecting bays, stepped parapet and verandahs to both levels for most of the perimeter (although many of the verandah areas have been infilled). Whilst the principal facade addresses Bolsover Street, the buildings other three facades can be viewed from Derby, Alma and William Streets, although other buildings sit within the block.</p><br>
<p>The articulation of the brickwork and set out of openings reflects classical proportions of columns, spandrels, balustrades and entablatures. The facades are stepped, both horizontally in the projecting and recessing of facade bays, as well as vertically in the parapet. The brickwork is laid in a version of Flemish bond, with two stretchers and one header alternating in each course. Darker bricks emphasise string courses, opening lintels and sills, and the parapet capping.</p><br>
<p>The main entrance, centred on the north-eastern Bolsover Street facade, is approached by a broad flight of granite steps, returned at each end. Over this entrance is a cantilevered awning clad in bronze which carries the City&#39;s coat of arms. Above the awning is a small balcony opening from the Council Chamber and over that is a clock of ceramic tiles.</p><br>
<p>Inside the glazed entrance doors, the entrance foyer has a marble dado to doorhead height and a high plaster ceiling with broad cornice. From the entrance foyer, the main stair of polished timber has a broad lower flight to a mid-landing, then quarter-turn upper flights on both sides. Above the upper flights is a clerestory window lighting the stair and the upper foyer.</p><br>
<p>The Council Chamber, reached from the upper foyer, has high dadoes of timber panelling, parquetry flooring and a high plaster ceiling with cornices between exposed beams.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Rockhampton Town Hall was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 29 April 2003 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Rockhampton&#39;s Town Hall clearly demonstrates the evolution or pattern of Queensland history, in this case, purpose built for the needs of local government for the regional centre of Rockhampton.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>This Town Hall also demonstrates the principal characteristics of a building designed for the use, operation, and the tropical climate of this regional city council.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>This Town Hall also exhibits particular aesthetic characteristics valued by the local and broader community. It is prominent feature of the townscape of Rockhampton&#39;s city centre and is an substantial and imposing public building of articulated brickwork, incorporating stripped classical and art deco stylistic elements.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>This place has a strong association with the Rockhampton community for social and cultural reasons, as well as being the last major work by noted Rockhampton architect, Edwin Morton Hockings (1870-1942). Rockhamptons Town Hall also possesses a special association with the life, work and families of the Citys council staff, mayors and aldermen.</p><br>
<p>Rockhampton Girls Grammar School is a heritage-listed private school at 155 Agnes Street, The Range, Rockhampton, Rockhampton Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Edwin Morton Hockings and built in 1890 by Moir Cousins and Co. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 20 October 2000.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Rockhampton Girls Grammar School opened in April 1892 under foundation Headmistress Helen Downs. It was the ninth of the grammar schools to be established in Queensland and the third grammar school for girls. As with the other grammar schools, it was constituted under the Grammar Schools Act of 1860, one of the first pieces of legislation passed by the Queensland Parliament, which encouraged by way of grants of land and subsidies, the establishment of non government secular schools for secondary education within the colony. As Queensland was not establishing state high schools until the 1910s, nor the principal of universal secondary education until the 1960s, the state assisted (albeit independent) grammar schools represented the defacto state secondary school system.</p><br>
<p>From its establishment in 1881, the Rockhampton Grammar School (located nearby on the Athelstane Range overlooking Rockhampton) had included both a boys and a (smaller) girls department. The Government, however, refused to recognise the separate departments as entitled to separate subsidies under the Act, and as a consequence the Trustees soon insisted on a separate grammar school for girls. In 1886 the Girls Department was closed. The issue of education for women continued to be raised in the press, although, it was not until 1890 that sufficient funds were raised (via private and government subsidies) to proceed with the founding of the new school. In that year, competitive designs were called for a building suitable for a Girls Grammar School, providing residence accommodation for Headmistress and Staff, 20 Boarders, also School accommodation for 50 Scholars, with necessary classrooms etc. The building was to be of brick with the total cost not to exceed £4,000. Thirty-two entries were received with first prize awarded to Edwin Morton Hockings of Brisbane and second to James Flint of Rockhampton. Brisbane architect, Richard Gailey, objected however to the awarding of the prize to Hockings on the grounds that the plans were prepared whilst Hockings was articled to Gailey as his pupil. At Gailey&#39;s request, the first prize was recorded as his, with Hockings appointed clerk of works.</p><br>
<p>Edwin Morton Hockings (1870-1942) was to have a long association with the school. In addition to his responsibility for the main school building, he was architect for the two major additions to it undertaken in 1897 and 1899, as well as a long serving member of the Board of Trustees (1908-1926), serving as Board Chairman in 1911 and from 1917-19. In 1895, Hockings became an Associate to the Queensland Institute of Architects, and from that year is recorded as practicing as an architect in Rockhampton. He was to practice in partnership with AM Hutton (1899-1907), LT Palmer (1916-1938), and for a short time, with his son, Thomas.</p><br>
<p>In 1890, the tender for the erection of the new school of £3,890 by Moir Cousins and Co was accepted. Prior to construction, the plan of the building was reversed, apparently as the extent of levelling to Denham Street was not sufficient to allow for the positioning according to the original plans. Delays in completion were apparently caused by repeated alterations to the building specification, including increased ventilation and the fitting of forty-four cedar venetian shutters.</p><br>
<p>The new two-storeyed brick building (known since 1971 as Paterson House, after Chairman of Trustees 1920-52, AH Paterson) was described by the local press as late nineteenth century, in keeping with the usual Australian Architects interpretation of Gothic. On the ground floor were an assembly hall, two classrooms, drawing room, dining room, mistresss dining room and kitchen. The upper floor (accessed by three staircases, one each for pupils, mistresses and servants) housed two music rooms, two dormitories, three bedrooms for mistresses, servant&#39;s bedrooms, and bathrooms. The total cost was £5,666.5.3. The grounds were rough with only the school area and tennis court levelled.</p><br>
<p>In 1892, a timber caretaker&#39;s cottage (£180) and playshed (£162), designed and supervised by Rockhampton architect and competition runner up, James Flint, were erected. In the following year, the playshed was fitted as a gymnasium.</p><br>
<p>On Arbor Day, soon after the school&#39;s opening, forty-six trees, one for each pupil, mistress and Trustee present, were planted. These included, on advice from the Curator of the Rockhampton Botanic Gardens (JS Edgar), 12 mango trees planted on the town edge of the lawn tennis court, silky oaks, jacarandas, and bunya pines. In 1894 the orange trees planted above the tennis court were replaced by Araucaria cunninghamii (Hoop Pine). By the end of 1894 planting was curtailed.</p><br>
<p>In the next decade, as the school expanded, three major additions were made to the school building. In 1897, a new single storeyed wing, designed by EM Hockings and built by R Cousins & Co, was added to the southern side of the building. The work costing £1,392.3.7. included a new Assembly Hall, two classrooms, and an office for the Headmistress. As a result the old assembly hall was formed into two classrooms (one being for cookery and chemistry). The excavated material from the site of the additions was used to form "the Terrace" in front of the school.</p><br>
<p>Further additions, again undertaken by Hockings (now Hutton and Hockings) and R Cousins and Co, were carried out in 1899. The two storeyed wing to the south east of the building included new dormitories and bathrooms to accommodate eighteen boarders, two new classrooms, and music rooms. The work completed in 1900 at a total cost of £2,019.10.0. also included extensions to the Assembly Hall and two of the existing classrooms, the demolition of the headmistress&#39;s office, and the excavation and completion of two new tennis courts.</p><br>
<p>The third stage costing £978 was undertaken in 1901. It included the incorporation of a classroom with the dining room, construction of two new upstairs classrooms, new staircase to the southwest, new laundry, housemaid&#39;s pantry, storeroom, bathroom, and servants bedroom.</p><br>
<p>Other improvements undertaken by this time included fencing, excavation, erection of parapet retaining wall, terracing, driveway and asphalting, gates, window shutters, a 2,000 gallon water tank, and painting of brickwork with red-oxide paint (apparently in the hope of combating the effect of rising damp).</p><br>
<p>In 1898, Miss Downs established the kindergarten for younger students. This was housed in the school room at the rear of main building, and from 1908 in the "detached residence" (erected 1899 as an isolation room for sick students). This was finally closed during World War II.</p><br>
<p>The initial "boom" period of the school could not however be sustained. For example, the establishment in 1919 of a state high school as part of the Rockhampton Technical School and later the depression (and a decrease in government endowments) saw a decrease in enrolments. In 1945 additions were made by school architect Arthur Edward Hegvold to the upper storey of Paterson House. These included a staffroom, bathrooms, sickbay, and glassed in verandah. About this time the gymnasium was converted into a music building containing five practice rooms (later increased to eight), but it was not until the 1960s that further major development was to occur.</p><br>
<p>The opening of Luck House (containing boarding accommodation and classrooms) in 1962 was the first major building to be erected on the site after the main school building. It signalled the beginning of a substantial building program, as the school sought to deal with increasing enrolments and changing educational requirements. Later buildings include the Science Laboratory and Clarice McKeague Hall (1968), Principal&#39;s residence (1971), Colin H Grant Library and Resources Centre (1972), Millicent Jackson House (1977), Music Centre (1986), Primmer House (1987) - located on the terrace on the site of one of the original tennis courts, and Centenary Arts Building (1991).</p><br>
<p>Works were also carried out to Paterson House as it too adapted to changing requirements with teaching removed to other parts of the school. Work included the removal of cubicles in the dormitories (1978); alterations to dining room, kitchen, and laundry, renovation of a dormitory and a new sick bay (1983). In 1987, the Trustees instituted a long range project for the continuing refurbishment of Paterson House including work to dormitories and the balcony facing Denham St. The building currently houses facilities for boarding and administration.</p><br>
<p>From 1978, a program of landscaping the grounds was instigated, including the paving and planting by senior students of trees on the north terrace called "The Mall&quot students&#39; mural of Jackson House courtyard; planting of "Gallipoli Pines" near the swimming pool; planting of the Bicentennial Grove on land adjacent to the school boundary on the north and east.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Rockhampton Girls Grammar School, situated to the southwest of the city centre, is located near the crest of the Athelstane Range on a northeasterly slope. The main building, Paterson House, displays a strong gothic influence in its design and is located to the south of the site, with terracing to the northeast on which are located sporting facilities and school buildings.</p><br>
<p>Paterson House is a two-storeyed painted masonry building with a complex corrugated iron roof consisting of intersecting gables with turrets and hipped bays. The building was built in a number of stages extending to the south, and the brickwork patterns include English, English Garden Wall, Flemish and Stretcher Bonds. Some verandahs and courtyard spaces have been enclosed.</p><br>
<p>The northeast elevation consists of three projecting bays with verandahs in between. The southern section is setback and has an L-shaped verandah with a fire stair and a turret above the inside corner. A second turret is located near the northern corner above the pointed arch main entry, and the building has concrete mouldings expressing floor levels and wall openings. Verandahs have arched timber brackets with a diagonally boarded timber frieze to the ground floor, with the first floor being enclosed with fibrous cement sheeting and glass louvres. Some cast iron balustrading is visible, with possibly more concealed behind sheeting. The narrow timber casement windows have hopper panels above and timber shutters.</p><br>
<p>The southeast elevation, fronting the driveway, consists of a slightly proud twin gable southern section with a wide central arch and two flanking narrow arches, housing recessed windows, on the ground floor. The central arch has the words AH PATERSON DRIVE above. The eastern section has a projecting bay, and the southern corner has a reconstructed open verandah with cast aluminium balustrading.</p><br>
<p>The southwest elevation, fronting Agnes Street, consists of two gable sections with the area between enclosed at ground level and housing kitchen and laundry facilities. To the south of this, and slightly recessed, is the Assembly Hall end elevation, which has a gable parapet with a rounded apex and a series of tall casement windows, the central one of which has an arched fanlight, with timber shutters. Stepping back from this element is the reconstructed open verandah.</p><br>
<p>The northwest elevation, accessed by a driveway from Agnes Street which also separates more recent school buildings to the northwest, has a mid twin gable section and an enclosed verandah with exposed cast iron balustrading to the northern end. The western end has service areas for the kitchen and laundry. Some timber sash windows have window hoods with decorative timber brackets.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the ground floor contains administration offices to the northeast and southeast. These include the Headmaster and secretary&#39;s offices, foyer and stair in the northern corner, which have stained timber fireplace surrounds, staircase and panelling, panelled doors with fanlights, architraves and skirtings. The kitchen and laundry areas to the west have been refurbished and refitted, as have the administration areas to the southeast. The Assembly Hall has arched timber trusses with a boarded ceiling at the collar-beam position and raked to the side walls. The hall has a triple lancet window in the northeast wall, which is now an internal wall to administration rooms beyond.</p><br>
<p>The first floor consists of dormitories with nurse&#39;s rooms in the northern area. The dormitories and bathrooms have been altered a number of times, with verandahs and courtyard spaces being enclosed. The most recent alterations have been to the southern dormitories and include new partitioning, fittings and finishes.</p><br>
<p>The building is accessed from the southeast via a driveway from the corner of Denham and Agnes Streets, which has a cast iron gate and brick piers. This is lined with Pine trees, with many more scattered about the grounds, particularly to the east of Paterson House and fronting Denham Street. A wide pathway leads around the northeast of the building, from which the land terraces to a asphalt tennis court, with brick retaining wall and concrete ramp, to the east, and Primmer House to the northeast. A paved terrace area is located to the north, opening off the dining and kitchen areas. The southwest is bounded by an embankment to Agnes Street above.</p><br>
<p>Located below the tennis court terrace is the netball court, with the music building forming the northwest boundary. This building, originally the open sided gymnasium, has a corrugated iron gambrel roof supported on square timber posts with a concrete floor. The building has been enclosed with fibrous cement sheeting and glass louvres. A ceiling has been installed and internal partitioning has formed a series of music practice rooms and a larger central space.</p><br>
<p>The recently constructed Centenary Art building forms the northeast boundary to the netball court, with a greenhouse to the southeast.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Rockhampton Girls Grammar School was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 20 October 2000 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Rockhampton Girls Grammar School is one of a number of grammar schools established in major Queensland cities from the mid to late 19th century. In Queensland, where the colonys (and later States) educational emphasis was placed on universal primary education, the state assisted (albeit independent) grammar schools represent the historical beginnings of the state secondary school system. Opened in 1892 at a time when Rockhampton was securing its place as the major central Queensland city, the Rockhampton Girls Grammar School (the third grammar school in Queensland established for girls) is also part of a wider tradition which recognised the important of education for women.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Paterson House, erected in 1891 (with several later additions) is the original school building and remained the only major school building until the 1960s. Designed by prominent Rockhampton architect EM Hockings, it is recognised by the school community as the symbolic heart of the school. In common with a number of educational buildings of the period, Paterson House employs the Collegiate Gothic architectural vocabulary to exemplify the pedagogical culture of the school. It is the principal member of an intact group of early terraced school facilities including the former gymnasium, tennis court and netball court.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The school, surrounded by mature pine trees, is prominently sited on the Athelstane Range and forms a significant element in the Rockhampton townscape.</p><br>
<p>Rudd Residence is a heritage-listed villa at 248 Agnes Street, The Range, Rockhampton, Rockhampton Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from. It is also known as Mitchell Residence. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 22 October 1999.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Rudd Residence at 248 Agnes Street, Rockhampton was constructed in about 1923 and is believed to be the design of local architect Beatrice May Hutton. It is a large, high set timber dwelling located on a spacious block originally part of Allotment 47 granted to John Ward and Andrew Bertram in 1862. Frank Rudd, the son of renowned Rockhampton businessman William Henry Rudd, purchased the block, an area of one acre and two perches, in November 1922.</p><br>
<p>Beatrice May Hutton was born in 1893 and educated at Rockhampton Grammar School. Like many of the women who attempted to enter the male domain of architecture at the time, Beatrice Hutton came from a family with associations in the field. Her father, Falconer West Hutton, was a surveyor and she initially wanted to pursue a career in surveying but had to "accept architecture as the nearest feasible alternative". She became the articled pupil of prominent Rockhampton architect, Edwin Morton Hockings from 1913 until 1916.</p><br>
<p>In October 1916, Beatrice Hutton became the first female architect to be admitted to the Queensland Institute of Architects. The Sydney architectural journal The Salon announced:"The Queensland Institute is, we believe, the first Australian Institute of Architecture to admit a lady member...The credentials placed before the Institute Council by the candidate showed that Miss Hutton was an earnest and industrious student, and the application was supported by her principals."Later in 1916, Hutton moved to Sydney to broaden her experience. From April 1917 she worked for expatriate Queensland architect, Claude William Chambers, becoming a junior partner from 1931-1933. The firm was listed for those years as "Chambers and Hutton" in Sands New South Wales Directory and it may be that Beatrice Hutton was the only woman practising as a principal in Sydney at the time. She returned to Rockhampton in 1934 to care for her elderly parents, effectively ending her architectural career. After her father died, Hutton moved to Brisbane with her mother in 1936 and opened an art studio in the Colonial Mutual Life Building in Queen Street where she exhibited and sold her wood carvings. Judith Mackay wrote in 1984 when Hutton was 90 that "Beatrice Hutton currently lives surrounded by an impressive array of her own handwork in wood carving, pottery and rug-making. Her sustained enthusiasm for using her creative skills is inspirational."</p><br>
<p>It is not yet clear what constituted her contribution to the work of Hockings and Palmer, however, several wide verandahed houses in Rockhampton have been attributed to Huttons early career. The Rudd Residence is believed to have been designed for a friend of Huttons, Eliza Dalzell, who was also the daughter of a former client. Hutton had designed a house at 98 Spencer Street in 1915 for Mr Dalzell who was manager of the Bank of Australasia. Hutton is known to have continued to design houses for family and friends after she left for Sydney and the Rudd Residence is thought to be the last surviving intact example of her work.</p><br>
<p>The Rudd Residence is located in the suburb of The Range, Rockhampton&#39;s "premier residential area" that overlooks the river, flood plain and town. The area was sought after by the well-to-do families of Rockhampton from the late nineteenth century onwards. Original allotments of ten acres were located on the crest and eastern slopes of the Range with subdivision commencing in 1882. The Etonville Estate was the first to be subdivided into eighty villa sites. In 1926, the Catholic Church sub-divided the Cathedral Estate on the Range and made available forty seven building lots. These had frontages to Agnes, Bishop, Jessie and Spencer Streets and became the sites of many commodious sub-tropical Rockhampton residences. The development and popularity of the Range was given further impetus by the 1918 flood, the highest recorded in Rockhampton. The Range was well above flood level and serviced by a tram route, had gas, water and telephone services available.</p><br>
<p>Houses were Hutton&#39;s particular interest and like other early women architects, she felt that women had a significant role in designing houses that were suitable for the climate and that utilised labour saving features.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Rudd Residence is a large, high set, single storeyed timber dwelling located on a large block at the corner of Agnes and Herley Streets, Rockhampton, overlooking the Sisters of Mercy convent and school to the west.</p><br>
<p>The dwelling is symmetrically composed with a central stair and entrance with broad verandahs on either side. It has a low-pitched hipped corrugated iron roof, divided into three portions that emphasises the symmetry of the front elevation. The house is elevated on tall concrete posts. Simple wide stairs lead to a carefully detailed entrance bay with a low, lined ceiling and double timber doors that feature an elongated oval cutout infilled with a fine timber lattice panel. The entrance bay is enclosed at the back with vertical timber louvres that are fixed to the balustrade. A detail of exposed roof timbers is repeated around the eaves of the building.</p><br>
<p>The deep verandah to either side of the entry expands to create polygonal, room-like spaces at the corners of the building. Parts of the roof are lined with horizontal timber VJ boards and the hardwood floor has a high gloss finish. Bays with multi-paned windows project into these verandah spaces. The verandah balustrade is composed of a simple timber grid which is reflected in a denser lattice fixed to the concrete posts and infilling the space between floor and ground levels. Panels of finer timber lattice have been fixed to the verandah columns on either side of the entry. On the northern side of the entry, these spaces were previously occupied by full length, rolling bamboo blinds. These blinds are still in place on the northern end of the front verandah and along the side elevation to the north.</p><br>
<p>The wide front door has a large oval-shaped leadlight, a motif which is continued into the broad fanlight and side panels which also contain oval leadlight windows. The front door opens into an entry vestibule which leads into a large central parlour. On either side of the vestibule there are small square alcoves with leadlight windows and fanlights on three sides that project into the verandah space. The parlour has a stark black-and-white colour scheme. It is lined with narrow, vertical timber VJ boarding to the walls and has a fibrous cement ceiling which continues down to picture rail level. The square motif of the verandah detailing is continued through to the ceiling which has a grid pattern formed of timber cover strips painted black. The bottom two-thirds of the walls are also painted black, as are all architraves and skirting.</p><br>
<p>On the northern part of the site, an area has been cut and levelled to accommodate a swimming pool. Part of the pool and the paved surround are located under the house. There is a retaining wall on the eastern side of the pool. The part of this wall next to the pool is faced with stone and topped with a timber fence, the section that continues under the house is concrete block. A fibrous cement wall with aluminium-framed windows has been built at the edge of the paved area in the undercroft of the house. A similar wall has been inserted in the area between verandah floor level and ground level to the corner of the house.</p><br>
<p>The house is set back from the road in a large expanse of lawn with six prominent Canary Island Date Palms and two mature frangipani trees. The back section of the block is more densely vegetated with a variety of trees and shrubs.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The Rudd Residence was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 22 October 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Rudd Residence, a large, high set, timber dwelling constructed in Rockhampton, is significant for its association with the development of Rockhampton, in particular the premier suburb of the Range, popular with the affluent families of the city from the late nineteenth century onwards.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Rudd Residence has potential to yield information about the entry of women into the professions in Queensland, in particular into the architectural profession. The Rudd Residence also has the potential to yield information about the work of Beatrice May Hutton, the first woman admitted to the Queensland Institute of Architects and probably the first woman admitted to an architectural institute in Australia.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Rudd Residence is important for its aesthetic and architectural qualities as a well composed and refined example of a timber residence designed for the sub-tropical Queensland climate. The expansive, well screened verandah with its variety of spaces and simple timber detailing and the many leadlight windows are particularly fine features of the house. The landscape setting of the house, including mature planting at the front, is also a significant feature.</p><br>
<p>Morris Village Historic District is a national historic district located at Morris in Otsego County, New York. The district encompasses 287 contributing buildings and 3 contributing sites in the village of Morris. The buildings date from about 1800 through the 1960s, and include representative examples of popular architectural styles. Located in the district is the separately listed Zion Episcopal Church Complex and Harmony Cemetery. Other notable buildings include the Otsego County Fairgrounds complex, First Baptist Church , Methodist Church , former Universalist Church , former Post Office , Community Bank , Kenyon Library , and Town of Morris Highway Department .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013.</p><br>
<p>The Great Chebeague Golf Club is a country club at 16 Stone Wharf Road in Great Chebeague Island, Maine. It has a nine-hole golf course on more than 28 acre on the north side of the island, and a clubhouse that is a repurposed c. 1807 residence, that is probably one of the oldest buildings used for that purpose in the nation. The club was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Great Chebeague Island is an island community, set on the eponymous island in Casco Bay, not far from the town of Yarmouth. The Great Chebeague Golf Club (GCGC) is located on the west side of the northern tip of the island, and is divided into two large parts by Stone Wharf Road, the principal access to a wharf serving the ferry to Cousins Island. The golf course has nine holes, and was laid out in the 1920s. It has retained features common to golf courses of that period, including narrow fairways and small greens. Portions of holes 1,2,4, and 5 are located north of Stone Wharf Road, while the rest of the course, and the clubhouse, are located to its south.</p><br>
<p>The clubhouse is a c. 1807 (or possibly even older) 1-1/2 story wood frame Cape that was originally located roughly where the third fairway is. It was moved to its present, more central location in the property on a rocky outcrop, in 1928, and adorned with a wraparound porch in 1935. Despite its alteration for use as a clubhouse, the interior of the building retains a number of period features, including wide floorboards and fireplace mantels. Historical documentation and island oral histories place construction of the house at sometime between 1790 and 1807. Adjacent to the clubhouse is the small cemetery of the Keazer and Chandler families, which has four early 19th-century headstones.</p><br>
<p>Great Chebeague Island, the largest island in Casco Bay, was for much of the 19th century a home for workers in Maine&#39;s economically important granite trade, its residents working on ships that transported stone from nearby quarries all over the east coast of the United States. With the advent of steam propulsion, this business declined, and the island became a seaside resort community, visited by people from cities further south. Founded in 1920 (as a six-hole course), the GCGC was a significant element of the popularization of golf in the area.</p><br>
<p>The Medburyville Bridge is a historic bridge in Wilmington, Vermont. It is a steel Warren through bridge, built in 1896 across the Deerfield River, just south of Vermont Route 9 roughly midway between the centers of Wilmington and Searsburg. It stands just upstream of the Woods Road bridge, which functionally replaced it in 1985. The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Medburyville Bridge is a double-intersection steel Warren through truss bridge, a variant of the standard Warren patent in which two sets of triangular elements provide increased rigidity to the trusses. It was, at the time of its listing on the National Register, one of two such bridges in Vermont. It is 97 ft long and has a nominal roadway width of 14.1 ft, although its decking has been taken up and only the supporting substructure is visible. Its portals have a clearance height of 14.8 ft, and the bridge deck is nominally about 17.5 ft above the river. The bridge rests on uncoursed rubblestone abutments.</p><br>
<p>According to town records, just over $1500 was spent on a bridge in Medburyville in 1896. The builder was the Vermont Construction Company, the states first fabricator of metal truss bridges. At the time, the state had not yet standardized on bridge designs, so the choice of design was probably made by the town. The bridge survived the states massive 1927 floods, and continued in active service until 1985, when the bridge just downstream was built. The town turned ownership of the bridge over to the state, whose historic preservation commission is responsible for its maintenance.</p><br>
<p>The Iglehart House was a historic home located in Columbia, Maryland, Howard County, Maryland, now part of the Rouse Company land development.</p><br>
<p>The Iglehart house was a two bay wide, two and a half bay stucco covered stone house. The stone structure matched construction style of the nearby Hickory Ridge. The house stood on a 113-acre property which was part of an original land grand named "Joseph&#39;s gift". The Iglehart family was prominent in Howard county leadership in the early 1800s in the antebellum era of tobacco slave plantations. The farm was later owned by Peter Johnson In 1978, the property was recommended for inclusion in the National Historic register for its historic architecture and excellent condition. Howard Research and Development purchased the property, subdivided the farm and demolished the structure to build an Exxon Gas station.</p><br>
<p>The Range Convent and High School is a heritage-listed private school at 263 Agnes Street, The Range, Rockhampton, Rockhampton Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from c.1880s to 1930s. It is also known as Our Lady of Good Counsel Convent and School and The Catholic College Residential. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first Roman Catholic school in Rockhampton was established in about 1864 by Dean Murlay. When the Sisters of Mercy arrived in Rockhampton in 1873, they took over the running of the primary school and established a high school on the grounds. The school and convent were moved to their current premises on the Athelstane Range, west of the city in 1895.</p><br>
<p>The Sisters of Mercy in Queensland established the sixth foundation of their order in Rockhampton in 1873, twelve years after their arrival in the state. This was the northernmost foundation and acted as the base for expansion into Central and North Queensland. The seven Sisters under the supervision of their Superior, Sr M Vincent Whitty, were welcomed by Dean Murlay, the parish priest, who provided them with their first convent in Kent Street. Large areas of prominent land had been acquired for the church and a catholic primary school established since Dean Murlay&#39;s arrival in Rockhampton in 1863.</p><br>
<p>The Sisters immediately assumed responsibility for running the Catholic primary school, St Joseph&#39;s, and soon established a Catholic secondary school the first in Rockhampton. By October 1895 space at the school was inadequate and the sisters moved to the Athelstane Range slightly west of the centre of Rockhampton to Stoneleigh, the former residence of the Bishop of Rockhampton, Rev John Cani. The building was described as having verandahs on three sides, with four or five internal rooms opening from a central hall. A school room was added to the north wall in early 1896 and the school became known as the School of Our Lady of Good Counsel though due to its situation on Athelstane Range became commonly referred to as The Range Convent and High School. When Bishop Cani died in 1898 he left the heavily mortgaged building and grounds to the Sisters of Mercy.</p><br>
<p>Improvements were made to the school by the Sisters by 1900 when an upper storey with verandahs was added to the convent and a timber chapel was built. Two Rockhampton architectural firms were employed by the school in this year, Eaton and Bates and EG Walters.</p><br>
<p>Further work was planned when James Duhig was consecrated as the third bishop of Rockhampton on 10 December 1905. He maintained a strong relationship with the Range convent through his years in Rockhampton and subsequently as Archbishop of Brisbane until his death in 1965. After his consecration Duhig, who espoused a philosophy of education for girls immediately began planning a new school house for the sisters. Local architect and builder, C. Slater, was engaged in 1906 to design the building, Middle Hall, and supervise construction. Bishop Duhig was also actively involved in the design of the building. Shortage of funds meant considerable delays in the construction and it was not completed until early 1908, though its official opening was at the end of year school concert on 7 December 1907.</p><br>
<p>Middle Hall consisted of two storeys and a tower; ten music rooms, a library, and rooms for photography, art, cooking instruction and a kitchen were on the ground floor and on the first floor was a large hall used for classrooms. Above these rooms, climbing from the rear of the stage of the hall was a timber tower, this consisted of two levels under an open balcony. The open space was to be used as an observatory and cast iron frieze panels designed by Sidney Williams & Co of Rockhampton depicting stars and moons complemented this use.</p><br>
<p>A feature of Middle Hall was its attention to the health and safety of the occupants. Bishop Duhig consulted a local resident, Dr O&#39;Brien, about these matters and consequently detailed attention was given to the design of the ventilation, drainage and hygiene resulting in 18 ft wide verandahs surrounding three sides of the building, and the extensive use of Wunderlich pressed metal roof sheeting internally and on the verandah soffits. At its opening Middle Hall, built at a cost of in excess of £2000, was described by Duhig as one of the finest in the state.</p><br>
<p>Soon after the construction of Middle Hall in 1908 extensive landscaping was completed on the site including the addition of a tennis court carved in the side of the hill, and various walks and carriage ways near a grotto which had been constructed in the grounds by 1906. This area was to become the cloister and remained the focal point of external activity at the school.</p><br>
<p>Further extensions at the Range were planned in 1920 when dormitory conditions became inadequate and a new building to house the student boarders was planned. The services of Sydney architects Hennessey and Hennessey in conjunction with local Rockhampton architects Hockings and Palmer were engaged A large three storeyed brick building, called Genazzano was constructed at a cost of £16,962/15/3 by a local contractor W. McDonald. It was situated fronting Agnes Street, manifesting the Catholic ethos, particularly that of the then Archbishop Duhig, of creating imposing built structures on prominent sites. The new boarding house accommodated 80 boarders and two supervising sisters, on the top floor, with refectory and recreation halls on the first floor and kitchen and laundry in the basement. Particular attention was paid to ventilation and to a high quality of construction and materials, with specially designed French doors, maple staircase, cedar and silky oak joinery, coved plaster ceilings, leadlighting by Exton and Co. and modern bath and toilet facilities.</p><br>
<p>In 1926 a swimming pool, with ten changing sheds was constructed, believed to be the first school pool in Rockhampton. It was designed by local architects Hocking and Palmer and constructed by JJ Booker.</p><br>
<p>By 1930 the nuns&#39; boarding facilities were inadequate and the wing of the convent in which they were located was demolished and a brick dormitory block was constructed. This was also designed by Hennessey, Hennessey and Co, who were working from an office in Brisbane by this time, and erected by R Cousins and Co of Rockhampton. It was a three storeyed building providing community rooms on the ground floor and accommodation above. Archbishop Duhig returned to Rockhampton to lay the foundation stone, and it was opened by him on November 30, 1930.</p><br>
<p>Further improvements were made in 1949, when a science block in between the convent and the school house was constructed by local builders, JJ Booker and Sons at a cost of £4,150. The building housed domestic science labs and offices on the ground floor and physics and chemistry rooms on the first floor. In 1951 this was extended to accommodate the increasing number of students staying on to complete the Senior Examination.</p><br>
<p>Religious services at the school remained in the timber chapel until 1956 when a new brick chapel was built to the south of the convent and opened by Archbishop Duhig on November 18, 1956. The timber chapel was moved, renamed Coolock, and used for boarding facilities, this was subsequently moved off the site. The brick chapel was designed by RJ Corbett and constructed by RS Cousins and Co at a cost of £30,000. Four stained glass windows which sat at the rear of the altar were imported from Ireland, and the statue of Our Lady of Good Counsel, after whom the school was named, was placed near its entrance. With the chapel extension the convent building was renovated which involved the removal of external decorative timberwork which was replaced with brickwork designed to complement the other buildings on the site facing Agnes Street.</p><br>
<p>Many school buildings were constructed on the grounds after this, including new education block designed by local architect R Corbett and constructed in three stages by contractors J Winterflood and G Cook in 1963-6; a new four storey boarding house constructed alongside the timber boarding house, Coolock in 1968; and a science and library block built by KD Morris, to a design by R Corbett in 1971. In the 1970s demountable buildings were erected and extensive landscaping completed. A small brick building was constructed to the east of Genazzano, as the Generalate of the Sisters of Mercy of Rockhampton. In the early 1980s a residence, Lynmara, was acquired by the Sisters of Mercy in the north east corner of the property for use by the "Journey of Youth" programme.</p><br>
<p>Range College became a junior secondary college in 1983 and a new college, Emmaus was established as the senior catholic college in Rockhampton. By late 1990 Range College was sold to the Catholic Diocese of Rockhampton, who subsequently closed it when they established a co-educational school in an area adjacent to St Joseph&#39;s Cathedral in central Rockhampton. The boarding houses, Genazzano and Coolock, are used by boarding students of this new college and the Sisters of Mercy still use the convent and chapel.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Range Convent and High School has a number of significant buildings, structures and garden areas. These include Middle Hall, a two storeyed timber building with tower erected in 1907-8 as a school hall; a collection of brick buildings along the Agnes Street boundary of the school including the convent first used by the school in 1895 with later chapel, students dormitories built in 1921 and nuns boarding facilities dating from 1930; a cloister formed by the courtyard of several buildings which contains established plantings and a grotto; and the swimming pool.</p><br>
<h3>The Convent</h3><br>
<p>The Convent is a two storeyed timber and masonry building. It consists of the original Bishop&#39;s residence, onto which a second storey and subsequent additions have been added. The footprint of the original residence is evident on the ground floor where plastered walls contrast to the timber partitioning used elsewhere in the building. The first extensions to the building are evident in the timber partitioning, fretwork and joinery. The most recent refurbishment of the building is apparent by the external use of face brick, fibre-cement sheeting and the addition of modern services.</p><br>
<h3>The Chapel</h3><br>
<p>The present chapel was the most recent building designed as part of the Agnes Street streetscape. It is a rectangular brick building at the south end of the convent, with the main entrance on the western end. Internally the building features high quality timber joinery, four stained glass windows near the altar, as well as a number of important statues.</p><br>
<h3>Middle Hall</h3><br>
<p>The school house is a two storeyed timber building with a tower at the eastern end prominently situated in the middle of the school grounds. The rib and pan iron gabled roof is surrounded by verandahs on three sides, which are supported on pairs of chamfered timber columns. Small gables project over the verandahs defining the timber stairways. The tower is an extraordinary structure decorated with timber mouldings, dormer windows, religious motifs and a Wunderlich fish scale pattern spired roof. Wrought iron balustrading encircles the open platform outside the timber columns which are joined with cast iron arched frieze panels. Internally the first floor, a large hall, has a Wunderlich pressed metal ceiling as does the soffit of the 18 ft wide verandahs.</p><br>
<h3>Genazzano</h3><br>
<p>Genazzano is a three storeyed symmetrically composed brick building located on Agnes Street, the first of the brick buildings on this boundary of the site and the model for the later buildings. The rectangular building has a corrugated iron gabled roof with iron ridge ventilators. The building has brick parapeted sections at the two gable ends to the north and south and defining the entrances on the east and west facades. The triangular parapets feature round head arches, mouldings and brick corbelled towers. The rectangular building is surrounded on four sides by three storeys of brick arched verandahs.</p><br>
<h3>The Convent Dormitory</h3><br>
<p>The convent dormitory is a three storeyed brick building, similar in appearance to Genazzano, to the north of the convent. It has three storeys of brick arched verandahs and a corrugated iron gabled roof with parapeted gable ends similar to those of Genazzano. The ground floor has lounge to the east and single dormitories to the west, a single flight stair joins the central corridors on the upper two floors, located off which are the single bedrooms which open onto the wide verandahs.</p><br>
<h3>The Cloister</h3><br>
<p>Middle Hall, the convent, dormitory and chapel frame a courtyard used as a cloister, which features a large established tree with other early planted beds and a vine-covered stone grotto with a statue of Our Lady of Lourdes. This is a carefully designed space, which forms the introspective focus of the buildings on the site.</p><br>
<h3>The Swimming Pool</h3><br>
<p>The swimming pool is surrounded by a platform of rendered white concrete and has bathing sheds to the east.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The Range Convent and High School was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Range Convent is a site of cultural significance for its long association with the Sisters of Mercy; this was the sixth foundation of the order in Queensland and has been a head convent in North Queensland since 1873.</p><br>
<p>The convent and school have developed on the site on Athelstane Range for nearly one hundred years and provide evidence of the pattern of growth of both Rockhampton and the Sisters of Mercy in Central and North Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Middle Hall has been a prominent landmark in Rockhampton since its construction in 1907-8 and is a virtuoso example of timber architecture. Genazzano and the nun&#39;s dormitory are good examples of the religious work of the architects, Hennessey and Hennessey.</p><br>
<p>The wide verandahs and internal planning of many of the early buildings on the site, including Middle Hall, Genazzano and the nun&#39;s dormitory were designed to ensure good ventilation and privacy in external areas of the buildings.</p><br>
<p>The buildings facing Agnes Street, including the nun&#39;s dormitory, the convent and chapel, Genazzano and Coolock form a prominent landmark in the city, thereby manifesting the catholic ethos of exploiting imposing sites.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The buildings and spaces on the site form a cohesive introspective group which reflect its use by Sisters of Mercy for catholic education.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Range Convent is a site of cultural significance for its long association with the Sisters of Mercy; this was the sixth foundation of the order in Queensland and has been a head convent in North Queensland since 1873.</p><br>
<p>The Range has associations with the first Bishop of Rockhampton Rev John Cani in whose house the convent was originally based and Archbishop James Duhig who, from 1905 until his death in 1956 was actively interested in the development of the place.</p><br>
<p>Criterion Hotel is a heritage-listed hotel at 150 Quay Street, Rockhampton, Rockhampton Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by James Flint and built from 1889 to 1890. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Criterion Hotel is a three-storeyed masonry building situated on the corner of Quay and Fitzroy Streets in Rockhampton. It has formed an integral and vital part of the social and cultural life of the town and City of Rockhampton since 1891.</p><br>
<p>In 1855 (prior to the separation of Queensland in 1959) the New South Wales Government had requested that William Henry Wiseman the Commissioner for Leichardt, locate a suitable place on the Fitzroy River for a settlement. Rockhampton&#39;s name and place had been decided on in 1856 although the settlement was not officially proclaimed a town until 25 October 1858.</p><br>
<p>In 1857 Mr Palmer erected a store, the first building in Rockhampton. Richard Parker a resident of Gayndah erected the first hotel (or inn) for Rockhampton some six months later. Both Parker and Palmer had erected their buildings on what was crown land. Parker had built the inn opposite to Palmers store, and was in partnership with a man called George Gannon.</p><br>
<p>Parker and Gannon&#39;s establishment was known as the Bush Inn and was constructed of iron-bark slabs and shingle roof. In 1858 the discovery of the Canoona goldfield rapidly changed the fortune of the Bush Inn. The Bush Inn enjoyed overwhelming patronage and clientele over the four months that the rush lasted.</p><br>
<p>The Bush Inn was enlarged upon and rebuilt in 1859-60. The rebuilt building was of a single storey. The entrance to the public bar was from the corner of Fitzroy Street and Quay Lane, and the business premises extended along the Quay Lane aspect of the block. The layout of the Bush Inn now included a coffee room approached through a garden, and a billiard room at the Fitzroy Street end of the building.</p><br>
<p>Parker died in 1860 bequeathing the property to the eldest of his two daughters Dorinda Ann Parker. After his death Parker&#39;s widow Maria, kept the Inn going until remarrying with John Watt in 1861. The Bush Inn transferred licenseeship in 1862 to John Ward. Ward changed the name of the establishment from the Bush Inn to the Criterion Hotel. Ward also constructed the Rockhampton Hotel on Victoria Parade, a short distance from the Criterion.</p><br>
<p>Ward however did not maintain the licence very long, and before the end of 1862 had transferred it on to Thomas Nobbs. The Criterion was further rebuilt at this stage into a two storeyed weatherboard building with a first floor verandah fronting onto Fitzroy Street.</p><br>
<p>In 1865 J A Watt died and his widow Maria married John Cramp who was her business manager. In 1866 the lease on the Criterion expired. John Cramp and his wife, Maria took up the licence on the premises. Maria Cramp returned to the hotel owned by her eldest daughter, Dorinda. Maria Cramp kept the premises going with her husband until her own death in 1875, at the age of 39. Dorinda then took over the running of the hotel following the death of her mother. A brick extension was made to the Criterion after its purchase in 1875.</p><br>
<p>Dorinda Ann Parker in 1874 married George Silas Curtis. Curtis had been born in Tamworth in New South Wales in 1846, and educated at Sydney Boys Grammar. Curtis had first come to Rockhampton in 1863 overland and returned in 1866. He began a business career with the auctioneering firm of Mills Wormald, and after the death of Wormald in 1872 Curtis purchased the business.</p><br>
<p>Curtis was to become a prominent member of the powerful Rockhampton Chamber of Commerce, and also was to become in the 1890s the leading advocate of the separation movement in central Queensland. The marriage of Curtis to Dorinda Parker began a family association with the Criterion Hotel that was to last until 1947.</p><br>
<p>One of the licensees of the Criterion Hotel in the period of 1880-3 was Frederick Augustus Morgan who arrived in Rockhampton in 1879, from Bathurst in New South Wales. Morgan had been a gold miner in the Bathurst district. His two brothers Tom and Ned in July 1882 were to credit themselves as locating the ore body on top of Ironstone Mountain in the Dee Range, that became the Mount Morgan Mine.</p><br>
<p>With the influx of wealth from the rich gold mine of Mount Morgan and with the growth of the importance of Rockhampton as the Port for access to the mine, the role of hotels such as the Criterion increased in the business and trade community.</p><br>
<p>Dorinda Curtis is credited with being responsible for the decision to construct the grand new three storeyed building at the corner of Quay and Fitzroy Street in 1889. According to J T S Bird in his Early History of Rockhampton, the building was rebuilt "by Mrs. G S Curtis, and the handsome three-storied brick building of the present day is one of the finest hotels in Queensland". Jessica Bloxsom attributes:The Inn had been reconstructed twice up to then, when Mrs Curtis decided she would erect a fine hotel of stone, brick and marble, making it without doubt the finest hotel in Central Queensland.It is unsure how much influence that George Curtis had in the business decision to construct the new building. In the rebuilding of the Criterion hotel the local press said that he also had an eye for improving the physical appearance of the town of Rockhampton. This was an ongoing process, with new construction work a physical manifestation of the wealth of Mount Morgan gold and its contribution to the town.</p><br>
<p>Tenders were called for construction on 5 March 1889. Twelve tenders were received from various contractors in Brisbane, Sydney and Rockhampton. The bid of Robert Kirkham of Sydney for £10 000 was accepted. Construction work began in mid 1889. Completion was expected to take twelve months.</p><br>
<p>The design was the work of James Flint, a Yorkshire born architect who had been articled to the Manchester firm of architects, Sherwood and Peverley. Flint had emigrated to Victoria in 1883. In 1887 he moved to Rockhampton to practice as an architect. In the booming economy of Rockhampton and Mount Morgan he designed several notable buildings, including Pinehurst, at Athelstane Range (1893-4), the Walter Reid and Co. Stores (1889) and the Criterion Hotel (1888-9). Importantly the grand new building was situated on a corner location on Quay Street and Fitzroy Street, where its main entrance overlooked the Fitzroy River. The old Criterion Hotel building was retained on its corner of Quay Lane and Fitzroy Street.</p><br>
<p>On 30 August 1890 when the finishing touches were being put on the building the Capricornian newspaper described the Criterion as being one of the sights of the town:</p><br>
<p>People competent to judge declare that north of Sydney there is no better hotel to be found and the least that can be said is that there are few that excel it in the colonies.... The building, which cannot be described as belonging to any particular order of architecture, contains some of the most modern conveniences, including gas lighting and lavatories with ample ventilation.</p><br>
<p>Provision was also made for the installation of electric lights, and for the eventual inclusion of passenger lifts, which were not installed. The Criterion Hotel design was considered advanced for the period, and was expected to maintain its reputation as the leading hotel of Rockhampton. Its management was also considered the most progressive in Rockhampton.</p><br>
<p>It was hoped to open the new hotel building on 15 September 1890, in time for carnival week in Rockhampton. The hotel&#39;s licence was transferred to the new building on 8 October 1890. A special ball held on 21 October 1890 marked the official opening of the building for trading purposes.</p><br>
<p>Rockhampton was described in the following terms in 1893 as being well supplied with hotels and places of amusement:Its leading hotel the Criterion, is the equal of any in Southern Queensland.The old Criterion Hotel was used for a variety of other purposes including accommodation for travelling salesmen. The ground floor of the former Criterion Hotel was set up as a sample room where salesmen were able to display their wares. It was also rented out for low cost accommodation. In 1957, the centenary year of the Bush Inn the building was sold to Mr. L G Duthie for demolition. The site of the old Criterion was rebuilt as office and shop space.</p><br>
<p>The Criterion Hotel became well known for the black tie balls and dinner parties that were held within its walls from the turn of the century until the 1950s. It has also hosted many distinguished visitors during its existence including Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester (when Governor-General), his wife Princess Alice, the former Prime Minister of Australia Sir Robert Menzies, Dame Nellie Melba, Sir Donald Bradman, and Charles Kingsford Smith.</p><br>
<p>Sporting teams such as the touring English cricket sides have also been accommodated at the Hotel. During the second world war it was commandeered for the use of American service personnel. It also served for a period of time as the headquarters of General Robert L. Eichelberger who was on the staff of General Douglas MacArthur. Eichlelberger commanded over 70 000 American troops stationed within the Rockhampton region.</p><br>
<p>Until 1946 the Criterion Hotel remained part of the Curtis family estate. The last beneficiary was Ethel Curtis. In 1946, as remaining beneficiary of the estate Ethel sold the Criterion Hotel to Henry Smith. The Criterion Hotel was the only property in the city that remained in possession of the one family, being inherited from father, to daughter and on to grand daughter.</p><br>
<p>In 1950 the licence was brought by Charles Bloxsom and his wife Jessica. Jessica described the building as it was in 1950:This charming historic building, very compact in design, three storeys high, sitting on the bank of the Fitzroy River had forty-two bedrooms covering the two upper floors. The majority of these rooms each had a small balcony overlooking the river, then across to the Berserker Mountains.The main entrance to the hotel was from Quay Street, up three welcoming marble steps to large double doors of cedar with elaborate brass handles and plates... the large foyer magnificent with its marble floor of large black and white diamonds. The ornate...grand staircase of red cedar, the stained glass windows on each landing allowing light...to flow through. To the right from the foyer, the ballroom highly polished floor, cedar tables, chairs and piano. To the left the dining room. Enter here by two sets of cedar doors, brass handles and plates with frosted glass inset saying dining room. The seating accommodation could be up to one hundred guests... Two large pillars in the centre of the room reaching to an unbelievable height; a fireplace, many arched windows overlooking the river.The ground floor also accommodated the office reception area, the control area of the whole establishment, the large bar, a very small private lounge, a tropical lounge, staff dining area, pantry kitchen...added to these were a series of small rooms enveloping the main building in an L shape; food store room, liquor store room, furniture store room, hot water system...laundry, ironing room, sample rooms and lastly the old building on the corner of the property.Detached by ten feet from the hotel building we had staff quarters which were part of the original structure. There were six small rooms here, with bath and toilet downstairs.A 1955 aerial photograph shows the Criterion Hotel a corner entrance to the public bar and two one storeyed buildings on the south-western side of the hotel which extend from Quay Street to Quay Lane. From one of these buildings projects a brick chimney shaft in the same position of the extant chimney in 1996. As well, the earlier hotel a two storeyed building is evident on the cormer of Quay Lane and Fitzroy Street.</p><br>
<p>The Bloxsoms kept the licence of the Criterion Hotel until 1960. In this period major changes were undertaken in the hotel. Much of the furniture was worn out as well as the hotel linen. The Bloxsoms intention at this time was to make the Criterion a more upmarket place of accommodation. The Bloxsoms lease on the property expired in 1960.</p><br>
<p>The property was sold to the sons of Henry Smith and their sister Joan Johnston in 1966. From 1960 until 1981 under the ownership of the Smith family alterations were made to the building have including the construction of a motel unit complex on the southern side of the hotel, facing Quay Street. This was the first hotel-motel unit arrangement in Rockhampton. The first steak house in central Queensland was also opened on the hotel premises.</p><br>
<p>Other internal alterations have been made to the building including the refurbishment of the public bar on the corner of Fitzroy Street and Quay Street. The major change was the closing off of the public bars entry from the truncated corner of the building at the corner of Fitzroy Street and Quay Street, and the removal of the bars bat swing entry doors.</p><br>
<p>The Smith connection with the Criterion Hotel ended with the death of Les Smith in 1979. The business was auctioned off in 1981, and Keith Smith and his wife remained on as joint managers. In July 1981 the hotel was bought by members of the Balkin and Melit families. Previously at auction the business had been passed in for $575 000.</p><br>
<p>The Criterion was remodelled to give it a French theme similar to the Bonapartes Hotel and restaurant in Brisbane owned by the Balkins. $200 000 was spent on refurbishments, including reconstruction of accommodation areas, the remodelling of the steakhouse (being renamed Bonapartes Theatre Restaurant), and the former Riverview Restaurant which then traded as Josephines French restaurant. The hotel was renamed Bonaparte&#39;s Criterion hotel. In July 1982 a newsroom bar was opened for the clientele of The Morning Bulletin newspaper. Additional renovations have been carried out in 1989-90 in preparation to celebrate the centenary of the opening of the Criterion Hotel.</p><br>
<p>The beer garden at the rear of the building was demolished in 1995 by the owner so a new roofed over beer garden/ entertainment venue could be added. Following approval the new addition was added and opened in 1996. The new structure abuts the rear wall of the hotel and in keeping with the historical development of the location was called the Bush Inn.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Criterion Hotel is a substantial three storeyed rendered brick building, situated prominently on the corner of Quay and Fitzroy Streets, Rockhampton. On the site as well as the hotel is an extension to the south west of the building, fronting Fitzroy Street and a semi-detached extension to the south east fronting Quay Street. To the rear of this extension, along the south east property line are early storage sheds and an early brick chimney.</p><br>
<p>The Criterion Hotel has elaborate facades facing both Quay and Fitzroy Streets. The early section of the hotel has a rectangular plan with principal entrance from Quay Street. The facades are lined with verandahs which are terminated and align with corner bays. Emphasising the corner of the building and the former, no longer extant, entrance to the public bar is a timber framed tower.</p><br>
<p>The Quay Street facade of the building comprises three levels of verandahs flanked by the end bays of the building. The ground floor verandah is lined with a rendered brick six bay arcade with full length openings with cast iron balustrading between the openings. The round headed arched openings are separated with shallow partly reeded pilasters. The verandah on the first floor level also features an arcade, though of shorter dimensions and with openings linked with an Italianate balustrade. The second floor verandah continues the rhythm established by the floors below but in the form of a series of paired columns surmounting a masonry balustrade, the sections between the columns of which are filled with a decorative panels of linked circular motifs. The symmetrically arranged end bays feature a pair of arched window openings on each floor shaded by convex corrugated iron awnings. Surmounting the facade of the building is a parapet concealing the roof on which are placed blocks and vases on each corner of the end bays. The line of the floors is expressed externally with a substantial string course continuing along the entire length of the facade of the building.</p><br>
<p>The Fitzroy Street facade of the Criterion Hotel is similar in detail to the Quay Street facade, though the verandah terminates at a return wall rather than at a bay on the south west end. The arcades are four bays in length and the arcade on the ground floor has been infilled with glazed and brick panels. Adjoining the south west external wall is a recent one storeyed extension with gabled roof.</p><br>
<p>The corner of the building, addressing the corner of Fitzroy and Quay Streets is one of the most prominent features. This bay is truncated and the doorway which was originally at the ground floor level has been partly infilled and is now a window. Above the window and formed by a shelf over the ground floor opening is a small rectangular Juliet balcony with Italianate balustrading. This has an ogee curved awning of Wunderlich decorative metal sheeting. Above this is another moulded element, a semicircular bracket which provides a transitional element between the corner of the building and the truncation. Surmounting this corner bay is a mansard roof clad with decorative metal sheeting and surmounting this is a timber framed tower/observatory with a steeply pitched pyramidal roof also clad with decorative metal.</p><br>
<p>Access is provided to the building from Quay Street, through the ground floor verandah to an grand entrance doorway with sidelights and a large framed semi-circular fanlight. The double entrance doors are many panelled and are pieces of fine quality timber craftsmanship.</p><br>
<p>Generally, the interior of the Criterion Hotel has many early features. The walls and ceilings are plastered on the ground floor with plaster walls and timber boarded ceilings on the floors above. High quality joinery - architraves, skirting and doors - is used throughout and much of this survives intact. Chimney pieces survive intact with timber surrounds and mantle, tiled or marble panels and cast iron fittings.</p><br>
<p>From the entrance door access is provided to a small entrance vestibule on the north west of which is a small office fitted with an early chimney place and to the south east is a ticket window. Separated from the entrance vestibule by an archway is a grand foyer space at the opposite end to the door of which is the stair. The floor of the vestibule and foyer is covered with alternating black and white marble tiles with coloured tessellated tile borders. Two sets of swing doors line the side walls of this space providing access to the public bar and function room to the north west and the dining room to the south east. These door have etched glass panels with lettering displaying the original purpose of the room to which they provide access. The public bar and other rooms to the north west have been heavily altered and have very few intact early features.</p><br>
<p>The dining room is a large open space, with two tall cast iron supporting columns, with Corinthian capitals in the centre of the room. Early fireplaces with face brick shafts and marble chimney pieces are features of the room. The dining room has many round headed arched windows providing daylight and ventilation. The arched section of these openings is filled with fine stained glass panels.</p><br>
<p>The stair hall, centrally located on the south west end of the building, in a semi circular recess, has a fine bi-furcating stair, turning 180 degrees and dividing at the landing between the floors and arriving at the next floor in two sections on either side of the central larger section. The stair has a continual handrail of fine quality craftsmanship. The stair hall has two sets of three arched window openings, filled with coloured and translucent glass.</p><br>
<p>The first floor is reached by the central stair which provides access to a stair vestibule, defined by segmental plaster archways resting on plaster corbels on the walls. These archways continue throughout the floor, defining the extent of the hallways.</p><br>
<p>The top floor of the building has a similar plan to that of the second floor, with halls running parallel to Quay Street from the stair foyer, and then parallel to Fitzroy Street at the ends of the buildings. From the halls access is provided to the many bedrooms. This floor is less ornate than the first floor and the timber boarded ceilings are slightly lower. The rooms facing Quay Street have access to the second floor verandah through half glazed French doors. The verandah awning is ceiled with fibrous cement sheeting. Except for the stair area there are no overhead archways and very simple cornices and skirtings on this floor.</p><br>
<p>Lightly attached to the south east of the building, with an overpass over a narrow lane is a two storeyed motel extension of brick veneer construction and very shallow gabled roof. To the rear of this is a timber framed and corrugated iron clad storage shed, in the centre of which is a large deteriorated brick chimney shaft and oven.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Criterion Hotel was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Criterion Hotel building illustrates the growth of Rockhampton in the late 1880s as result of the wealth generated by the Mount Morgan Mine. The Criterion Hotel forms an integral part of the historical development of the City of Rockhampton being located near the site of the first public inn established in the embryonic settlement.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Criterion Hotel site has the potential to yield evidence of earlier occupation as the site of licensed premises in Rockhampton for 140 years.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The building demonstrates the principal characteristics of a large masonry hotel built in the 1880s in a regional Queensland town designed both as local landmark to attract regular custom, and as superior accommodation to attract country and family visitors. It remains substantially intact, and is a good illustration of its type in both design and function.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Criterion Hotel is a substantial building which makes a strong contribution to the Rockhampton townscape and to Quay Street. It occupies a prominent position on Quay Street and is a local landmark. The building has many well crafted internal features including high quality joinery, a fine stair, plaster work, stained glass panels and chimney pieces.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The Criterion Hotel is valued by the local community of Rockhampton as a centre of social activity for over a century.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>It is significant for its association with the Rockhampton architect James Flint, who also designed the Rockhampton Club building.</p><br>
<p>Rockhampton Club is a heritage-listed former club house at 166 Quay Street, Rockhampton, Rockhampton Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by James Flint and built from to 1893. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The two storeyed building known as the Rockhampton Club forms an important link with the history of the development of the social and cultural life of the town and City of Rockhampton. The Rockhampton Club has been in existence since 1888, and in residence at Quay Street since 1894. Its members have formed an important part of the social and political life not only of Rockhampton, but also of Queensland as well.</p><br>
<p>The Archer brothers had made a private expedition to the Rockhampton district in 1853, and were the first Europeans to record and chart the Fitzroy River. With additional movement of European pastoralists and settlers into the area the significance of the Archer landing place on the Fitzroy increased.</p><br>
<p>After the short lived Canoona gold rush of 1858 Rockhampton was proclaimed as a town and declared a "port of entry" in 1858. The first sale of town allotments was held in Rockhampton on 17 and 18 November. During these first land sales, allotment 5 of Section 45 was purchased by William Archer.</p><br>
<p>On 10 November 1881 a lease of indenture was signed between Thomas McLaughlin and William Archer. Thomas McLaughlin gave his occupation as a brewer. In 1880 the original Fitzroy Brewery had been established on the land owned by Archer. The brewery was owned by A L Bourciault, and F E Russell. Russell was involved in the business for only a few months, until being forced out. Thomas McLaughlin and William Kay Higson then became partners in the running of the Fitzroy Brewery. This partnership lasted only a few months until McLaughlin acquired the share held by Higson. The success of the business saw McLaughlin moving to new premises in 1884, situated on the corner of Quay, Wood and Wharf Streets.</p><br>
<p>The lease of indenture signed by McLaughlin listed the following buildings as being on the block owned by Archer:All that store warehouse and buildings situated in Quay Street Rockhampton...with the yards stables and outbuildings at the back...together with the cottage adjoining excepting out of this present demise the upper story of the said store or main building and a stall for keeping a horse at the back of the said store....The property also had a tenant on the upper storey of the building. Entry to the upper storey of the building was gained through the main entrance of the store. The full term of the lease was to be for seven years, £117 per annum in rent.</p><br>
<p>McLaughlin maintained the lease, and apparently extended the length of the lease as in August 1890 he was stated as being tenant for three years. In September 1890 an application was made to bring Allotment 7 of Section 45 under the Torrens Title system by William, Thomas and David Archer. The certificate of title was registered in December 1890. A trust was then established in 1891, with three trustees William Pattison, John Ferguson and Rees Rutland Jones being the nominees for the trust.</p><br>
<p>The Rockhampton Club was established to provide for recreation, relaxation, and the company of like minded citizens in Rockhampton.The Rockhampton Clubs first premises were rented rooms in Cooks building in East Street, between William and Derby Street. The Club had been formed with John Ferguson as its inaugural president in 1888.</p><br>
<p>John Ferguson was a builder resident in Rockhampton. He had arrived in Rockhampton in the early 1860s and became a building contractor in the town. In 1870-1, he constructed the workers cottages at the Lakes Creek meat works. Ferguson retired from the building trade in 1888, after becoming one of the half dozen millionaires in Rockhampton, a result of his investing in the Mount Morgan Mine. He was also the president of the Central Queensland Separation League advocating the creation of a new state centred on Rockhampton. Ferguson went on to build the mansion residence of Kenmore House in 1894, which he named after his birthplace in Scotland. It was also expected at the time that he would also become the first Governor of the separated state, should this objective be achieved and that Kenmore House would be Government House. His home later became Rockhampton&#39;s Mater Misericordiae Hospital.</p><br>
<p>It would appear that between 1890-1891 the Rockhampton Club had decided to move to new premises. Thomas McLaughlin had drowned in 1892, leaving open the tenancy of the land in Quay Street.</p><br>
<p>The design of the Rockhampton Club building at Quay Street was the work of James Flint (1862–94). Flint was a Yorkshire born architect who had been articled to the Manchester firm of architects and building surveyors, Sherwood and Peverley. He had then moved to London and practiced there for a period of about eighteen months. Following this period of work, Flint emigrated to Victoria in 1883, and worked with a Mr Horsley of Melbourne. In 1887 he moved to Rockhampton to practice as an architect and surveyor. He took up offices in Central Chambers in East Street. At this time John William Wilson and James Flint were the main architects active in Rockhampton. In the booming economy of Rockhampton and Mount Morgan he designed several notable buildings, including Pinehurst, at Athelstane Range (1893–94), the Walter Reid and Co. Stores (1889) and the Criterion Hotel (1888–89) and the Children&#39;s Hospital, Athelstane Range (1889). Flint was also a member of the Rockhampton Municipal Council, as well as the Central Separation League, the lobby group pushing for separation from southern Queensland to form a state by federation.</p><br>
<p>Tenders for the erection and completion of new premises for the Rockhampton Club in Quay Street had been called for by James Flint on 7 January 1892. The building was completed by 1893.</p><br>
<p>The Rockhampton Club bought the building from the McLaughlin estate in 1904. In 1906 the trustees for the Rockhampton Club borrowed £3400. It is unsure the reason for borrowing this amount. John Ferguson, trustee for the Club, died on 30 March 1906. In October 1906 new trustees were appointed.</p><br>
<p>To cater for members from country areas accommodation was provided on the upper storey of the building. Members of the Club also were allowed to permanently room at the premises. The Club Secretary was a paid position. The Rockhampton Club&#39;s membership at its largest extent has been nearly four hundred members. Prominent members have included William Kidston MLA, who was Premier of Queensland from 1906 to 1911.</p><br>
<p>In 1915 a mortgage for £2000 was taken out from the Corporation of the Diocese of Rockhampton, and was repaid in the same year. At the same time the trustees borrowed £1200 from the Union Bank of Australia.</p><br>
<p>Membership declined in the period post World War One. The Club at this stage was experiencing difficulties in maintaining numbers, and at the Annual General meeting of 1921, mention was made of the strenuous times the Club had passed through. New trustees for the Club were appointed in 1923.</p><br>
<p>From 1925-26 Peter Rees Jones (of the legal family in Rockhampton) was president of the Rockhampton Club. He was also a permanent resident of the Club, being one of its longest members to be accommodated in the building. During a heatwave in February 1928, he apparently died in his sleep at the Club, a result of heart failure.</p><br>
<p>Alterations were made to the building in 1930, when a special committee meeting initially rejected a tender for proposed improvements to the building. It was felt that the Rockhampton Club would be unable to meet repayments. The decision was made instead to construct a downstairs billiard room suitable for two tables, make alterations to the bar and erect a suitable lavatory.</p><br>
<p>After the economic depression of the 1930s the Rockhampton Club again underwent a building extension program in 1938. However the outbreak of the Second World War again saw a slump in membership numbers.</p><br>
<p>The Rockhampton Club has always maintained a policy of opening its doors on time to its members. During the 1954 flood that devastated Rockhampton, flood waters reached the level of the top stair at the Quay Street main entrance. Members used the Quay Lane (rear entrance) during the crisis.</p><br>
<p>In the 1970s the Club experienced problems with declining membership. In the 1980s a proposal was put forward by the Anglican Diocese of Rockhampton to purchase the Club building; however the proposal was rejected. New trustees were appointed in 1986 for the Rockhampton Club</p><br>
<p>In 1991 in an attempt to attract additional members the 103 year old rule to exclude female members was revoked. Despite an increase in numbers with the inclusion of women, the Club was finding it difficult to maintain levels of membership. Increasing competition from other clubs and especially sporting clubs were affecting the continuing existence of the Club. By 1995 only 150 people were registered members.</p><br>
<p>Tenders for the sale of the building were offered in August 1995, the intention to find a buyer for the building who would be willing to lease the premises back to the Club. Proceeds from the sale were intended to be channelled into the facilities of the building, to cater for outside functions. The eventual purchasers of the building were two Club members who have undertaken to lease the premises back to the Club.</p><br>
<p>The Rockhampton Club closed in 2002 and the premises occupied by accountants and financial planners.</p><br>
<p>In December 2015, the building was up for sale.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Rockhampton Club is a two storeyed painted and face brick building located prominently on Quay Street overlooking the Fitzroy River. Adjacent to the Rockhampton Club, on the south eastern side, is the Trustee Chambers which compliments the club in both size and scale.</p><br>
<p>The Rockhampton Club has a rectangular plan facing Quay Street with two rear extensions; a double storeyed service wing on the south eastern property line and a single storeyed former billiard room extension on the north western property line. The shallow hipped roof over the principal section of the building is clad with early corrugated iron. The rear extensions have more recent corrugated iron hipped roofs. A clerestory lantern is found on the apex of the roof over the former billiard room.</p><br>
<p>The Rockhampton Club&#39;s Quay Street facade, constructed of brick which has been subsequently painted, is lined with a double storeyed verandah, featuring ornate timber and iron work. At the ground floor level seven timber verandah posts rest on short masonry piers which form part of a masonry plinth. Surmounting the plinth and between the columns are fixed timber louvred panels which extend upwards for about one third of the height of the column. A frieze rail supports an ornate frieze of turned timber members, similar to balusters, with a central arched panel set among them. The corners between the frieze and columns are filled with unusual timber fretwork brackets. The upper floor of the verandah, which extends around the north western side of the building, has a cast iron balustrade linking the timber columns which have timber brackets. A narrow cast iron frieze runs between a timber frieze rail and the verandah beam. The soffit of this verandah is clad with timber boards.</p><br>
<p>The entrance door is located to the northern end of the principal facade and access is provided to this from Quay Street up several concrete steps interrupting the ground floor verandah, which is aligned with the ground floor level. The six panelled timber door is surrounded by sidelights and a rectangular transom light, which is fitted with etched glass with lettering "ROCKHAMPTON CLUB". Elsewhere on this facade are, on the ground floor, three other doors and two windows all regularly spaced, and on the first floor six openings, including some French doors.</p><br>
<p>The entrance door provides access to the ground floor of the Rockhampton Club which has seen many alterations, principally because the entrance door has been shifted from its former central location on the Quay Street facade to one end of the club. The various rooms on the Quay Street side of the building have been, essentially, joined to form one large space with very large holes cut in the existing walls, though the early floor plan is still evident. In the eastern corner of the building is a bar room which has a s fitout with an amorphous planned bar with tapering side. In the western corner is a sitting room and beyond this, to the rear of the Club, access is provided to the former billiard room extension, now used as a dining room. Early half glazed double doors have been fitted within a new glass and plasterboard partition to form the entrance to the sitting room. Generally the ground floor has timber board ceilings, surviving plaster roses, timber skirtings and carpeted floors.</p><br>
<p>At the rear of the original entrance area, and separated by a plaster moulded archway is an elegant and finely crafted geometric stair, with winding handrail and a newel on the third tread. This stair arrives in a large open vestibule on the first floor defined with a number of large plaster archways. From this area access is provided to a large reception room above the bar room in the eastern corner of the building. Other than this room are many smaller rooms, formerly used as bedrooms, with rudimentary finishes and fittings.</p><br>
<p>The interior features many important pieces of furniture and fittings, including an honour board, an original Rockhampton Club sideboard other early furniture associated with the club and an early bell indication board. Beneath the bar on the ground floor is a brick lined cellar.</p><br>
<p>The two storeyed former service wing is also constructed of face brick though this has been painted in sections. Lining the north western facade of the wing is a double storeyed timber verandah. This is infilled on the upper level with horizontal timber boarding and is partially infilled on the lower level, accommodating a kitchen extension. The early kitchen survives on the ground floor of this wing. The upper floor, reached by a dog legged timber stair is attached to the main building with a partially open walkway. This contains several small rooms, partitioned with single skinned horizontal timber partitioning with vertical bracing, which are accessed from an infilled verandah.</p><br>
<p>The one storeyed former billiard room extension joins to the Rockhampton Club through one of the former reception rooms. It is a large space with window openings on all external walls and a central lantern. On the south western end of this extension are two smaller rooms which are roofed with a skillion awning attached to the extension. The openings on the north western wall have high sills, indicating that fitted seating may have been attached along this wall of the main room. This section of the building is clad internally with plaster walls and fibrous cement ceiling which is braced with strips of timber roll moulding, this cladding extends to the interior of the central lantern, where operable clerestory windows provide light and ventilation.</p><br>
<p>To the rear of the building is a substantial carparking space, with a brick boundary wall facing Quay Lane.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Rockhampton Club was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Rockhampton Club building illustrates the growth of Rockhampton in the late 1880s as result of the wealth generated by the Mount Morgan Mine. It is in particular associated with the group of investors who benefited from speculating in mining shares from the Mount Morgan Mine in the late 1880s.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Rockhampton Club has aesthetic significance as a well designed prominent building which is an important element of the Quay Street streetscape. The building contains many important and well crafted features, including a geometric stair, early furniture and an honour board.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The Rockhampton Club forms an integral part of the historical development of the City of as it shows the development of a club dedicated to the social and intellectual and leisure activities of a group of prominent professional people. It is significant as a continuing social entity from the nineteenth century, maintaining its identity of a social institution for central Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Rockhampton Club has a special association with the Rockhampton architect James Flint, who also designed the Criterion Hotel in Quay Street. It has a special association with the lives of John Ferguson founding president of the Rockhampton Club, and one of the leading lobbyist for a separate state centred on Rockhampton, and Rees Sydney Jones trustee of the Club and founder of the oldest legal firm still practising in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Trustee Chambers is a heritage-listed former house and subsequent commercial building at 170 Quay Street, Rockhampton, Rockhampton Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by architect John William Wilson and built from 1876 to 1877. It is also known as Residence of Dr William Callaghan and River Chambers. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Trustee Chambers is a two storeyed masonry building, built in 1877 in Quay Street, Rockhampton as the private residence of Dr William Callaghan house surgeon for the Rockhampton Hospital. It was designed by John William Wilson and was the most expensive private contract for the design of a building carried out by Wilson. It has been used since 1919 as professional offices, and since 1950 has been the offices of the Union Trustee Company.</p><br>
<p>The Archer brothers had made a private expedition to the Rockhampton district in 1853, and were the first Europeans to record and chart the Fitzroy River. Their establishment of Gracemere Station lead to further pastoral expansion into the area.</p><br>
<p>After the short lived Canoona gold rush of 1858 Rockhampton was proclaimed as a town and declared a "port of entry" in 1858. The first sale of town allotments was held in Rockhampton on 17 and 18 November 1858.</p><br>
<p>William Archer purchased a block of land fronting Quay Street In 1859 John Cameron purchased Allotment 6 of Section 45 from Archer. This was subsequently transferred to William James Dalzell of Melbourne. In 1866 Heinrich Schmidt purchased the allotment. Quay Street at the time of the sale was a busy thoroughfare fronting onto the town wharves of the Fitzroy River.</p><br>
<p>Heinrich Schmidt was the first baker to be resident in Rockhampton. It is unsure whether a residence was erected by Schmidt on this property. In 1870 the allotment was sold by Schmidt to the original owner of the present building on this property, Dr William Callaghan.</p><br>
<p>Dr William Callaghan, who 170 Quay Street is best associated with arrived in Rockhampton in July 1861. Callaghan was born in 1832. William was the second doctor to practice in the town. A few days after his arrival in the town Callaghan began to establish his practice in the Rockhampton area. He was then appointed as the Coroner and District Medical Officer for Rockhampton a short time after arriving in Rockhampton.</p><br>
<p>Callaghan was subsequently appointed to the position of House Surgeon at the Rockhampton Hospital. Dr Callaghan became one of the best known individuals resident in Rockhampton from the 1860s until his death in 1912. He was well known for his love of horse racing, and was an excellent rider heavily involved in the local jockey club. The race course built in North Rockhampton was named Callaghan Park in honour of the medical practitioner.</p><br>
<p>The first residence of Dr Callaghan was in Kent Street. The residence was sold by Dr Callaghan in 1863 to Father Charles Murlay. It was then used as a small convent for the Sisters of Mercy after their arrival in Rockhampton.</p><br>
<p>Dr William Callaghan married in 1869, to Aimee Henrietta Cowper the daughter of William Cowper, the Dean of Sydney. After his marriage they resided in timber residence, before deciding to erect the residence in Quay Street.</p><br>
<p>A tender for a new residence for William Callaghan was let on 16 May 1876. The tender was awarded to builder John Ferguson. Ferguson had arrived in Rockhampton in the early 1860s and became a building contractor in the town. In 1870-1, he constructed the workers cottages at the Lakes Creek meat works. Ferguson retired from the building trade in 1888, after becoming one of the half dozen millionaires in Rockhampton, a result of his investing in the Mount Morgan Mine.</p><br>
<p>Ferguson was later to become the founding chairman of the Rockhampton Club (1888), a club that would be eventually located next door to the home of Dr Callaghan. He was also the president of the Central Queensland Separation League advocating the creation of a new state centred on Rockhampton. Ferguson went on to build the mansion residence of Kenmore in 1894, which he named after his birthplace in Scotland. It was also expected at the time that he would also become the first Governor of the separated state, should this objective be achieved.</p><br>
<p>Dr Callaghan&#39;s residence was designed by John William Wilson. Wilson was a prolific architect and builder active in Rockhampton from 1864. Wilson had been born in Scotland in 1829, and is thought to have migrated to Victoria during the time of the gold rushes. In 1854 he was present at Bakery Hill in Ballarat. Wilson also laid claim to the design of the Southern Cross flag that flew over the Eureka stockade.</p><br>
<p>After his arrival in Rockhampton, Wilson worked as builder and operator of a shipping concern from the Port of Yaamba to Rockhampton. He advertised as an architect from 1875. Wilson was responsible for the design of two hundred buildings in and around the Rockhampton region. Some of these included the Rockhampton School of Arts and the Leichardt Hotel.</p><br>
<p>The work of Rockhampton architect John William Wilson was recognised by the Daily Northern Argus:During the last five or six years...nothing in either stone or brick and mortar has reared its head above the ground, although a good deal of patching up work has been done, all of which has fallen into the hands of one architect Mr. J. W. Wilson who is...about the most practical man in the town in the profession... Amongst many of the jobs executed by him are those of the front of the Joint Stock Bank, a most creditable piece of work... We also understand that Mr. Wilson is the architect for Dr. Callaghan&#39;s new residence in Quay Street, adjoining the old "Argus" office. The patronage bestowed upon Mr. Wilson fully corroborates our prediction some two years since, that he was the right man in the right place.Total cost for the building was £5050, being for a two storeyed brick residence. The original contract as signed on 14 June 1876 was for a lump sum of £3 969 being for labour and materials. After completion the residence became the home of the Callaghan family.</p><br>
<p>Dr Callaghan died on 1 April 1912, and the building remained the private residence of his widow Aimee Henrietta until 1919. At this time the building was bought by William Joseph Phelps Harris. In 1933 this title was transferred to Harris Pty. Ltd. Harris and Co also owned the Harris and Co. emporium store in Rockhampton, a three storeyed retail store, complete with electric lifts and a roof garden tea room.</p><br>
<p>The Callaghan residence was renamed River Chambers. From 1920 until 1950 during the ownership by Harris the building was used as professional offices for various tenants including a dentist, stock and station agent. River Chambers was also the address for professional offices for individuals such as E R Larcombe, the only Barrister practicing in Rockhampton, B S Barcoe Stock and Share Brokers It also used as the consultation rooms for Dr. R S Leeds. In 1936 Arthur Bradford, Barrister resident in the offices, succeeding Larcombe as a Barrister practising in Rockhampton.</p><br>
<p>River Chambers passed into the ownership of The Union Trustee Company of Australia Ltd in August 1950, (also known as the Union Fidelity Trustee Company). From 1952 the ground floor was occupied by the offices of the Union Trustee Company, with the upper storey being let out as professional offices. After the building was bought it was renamed as Trustee Chambers. Internal renovations were carried out at this time, with the main staircase being removed.</p><br>
<p>Changes have been introduced into the building since passing into the ownership of Union Trustee Company, including air conditioning on the lower level. Trustee Chambers has had the original entry way restored in 1991.</p><br>
<p>A special stain glass window was commissioned and installed in 1995 containing four scenes depicting the occupations of the previous tenants and owners of the building. These representations include William Knox D&#39;Arcy, who made a fortune in selling off shares in the Mount Morgan Mine syndicate. He was later to fund the search for oil in Persia, and found the company that gave rise to British Petroleum. Harris is also featured as a previous owner of the building when it was called River Chambers.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Trustee Chambers is a two-storeyed rendered brick building overlooking the Fitzroy River on Quay Street, Rockhampton. The site, covering only half of the area between Quay Street and Quay Lane is occupied by the building which is of rectangular plan with a one storeyed brick wing extending from the rear along the north western property boundary.</p><br>
<p>Trustee Chambers has a hipped corrugated iron roof, recently reclad. The Quay Street elevation features a double storeyed verandah, the awning supported on the ground floor by six substantial cast iron columns with Doric capitals resting on square planned bases which are linked with a wrought iron cross braced balustrade on a rendered brick plinth. The fascia board above the columns at the level of the first floor has lettering "TRUSTEE CHAMBERS" painted onto it. On the first floor the skillion roofed verandah, hipped at the ends, is supported on timber columns aligned with the ground floor cast iron columns. The first floor verandah has a cast iron balustrade and the stop chamfered columns have simple timber brackets and decorative mouldings. The soffit of this verandah is clad with timber boarding and the concrete floor is carpeted. On the face of the building between the verandah awning and the eaves line are several single eaves brackets regularly spaced to align with the columns below.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor elevation has a centrally located doorway housed in an arched recess flanked by pairs of rectangular windows housed in rectangular recesses. The window openings are fitted with double hung casements. The upper floor has a series of half glazed French doors providing access from the internal rooms to the verandah.</p><br>
<p>The rear elevation is also lined with a double storeyed verandah, constructed from simple timber posts supporting a skillion awning. An open tread timber stair provides access from the ground floor verandah to the upper floor verandah which is partially lined with a fibrous cement balustrade and is ceiled with timber boarding. The rear of the building is of painted and bagged brickwork.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the upper floor of the building is arranged with a central hall running parallel to Quay Street which houses the stair and provides access to the rooms. The lower floor, has been subject to major alterations which have modified the floor plan. Most significantly walls have been removed and, in some places realigned, to form a large reception area, to which access in gained via the entrance doorway from the ground floor verandah. This doorway is fitted with four glazed hinged panels which are centre opening.</p><br>
<p>The building was constructed with plaster walls and timber boarded ceilings with plaster ceiling roses, many of which survive without light fittings. A suspended grid ceiling has been added to the ground floor and services, including lighting and air conditioning are ducted in the cavity formed between the original and the new ceiling. Individual air conditioning units have been inserted above the openings in many of the first floor rooms.</p><br>
<p>Generally the interior, where intact, is finely finished with elaborate plaster cornices and timber skirtings. Fine timber joinery survives throughout the interior and this is of high quality craftsmanship. Several chimney places survive including two white marble examples on the first floor, one with elaborate corbelling and complete with an early cast iron fireplace.</p><br>
<p>A fine timber stair has been reconstructed in its original position centrally located against the north western wall. This dog legged stair is lit by a large round headed arched stair window which has been recently fitted with a leadlight panel, incorporating five round stained glass sections with images which symbolise the various owners of the building.</p><br>
<p>At the rear of Trustee Chambers is a one storeyed brick extension with hipped corrugated iron roof, this extends toward the rear boundary wall of the site also of corrugated iron. In this rear area is a small carparking space.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Trustee Chambers was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>It is one of the earliest buildings still extant in Quay Street Rockhampton. Trustee Chambers is significant as an example of the development of Quay Street as a residential area and is contemporary to other buildings such as Avonleigh.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Trustee Chambers is a well composed 19th century building featuring many fine elements and makes an important contribution to the streetscape of Quay Street and compliments the adjoining Rockhampton Club.</p><br>
<p>Trustee Chambers has considerable aesthetic value as a well composed building which contributes to the Quay Street streetscape. The building contains many fine internal and external features, including the ground floor cast iron columns and the internal joinery and plasterwork.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Trustee Chambers built in 1877 is significant for its association with the life and work of Dr William Callaghan resident of Rockhampton from 1861 until his death in 1912. It was the private residence of the Callaghan family from 1877 until 1919. It is also an important example of the work of prolific Rockhampton architect John William Wilson, which includes four other buildings along Quay Street.</p><br>
<p>The Dasher Farm is a historic farm located in Columbia, Maryland, Howard County, Maryland, now part of the Rouse Company land development.</p><br>
<p>Hammond Dorsey operated Elkhorn plantation on the site. He split the property into 90 acre parcels, one of which was purchased by Maureen and Dora Dasher in 1919 creating the Dasher Farm. M.E. Dasher and sons expanded the property to 480 acres in 1949.</p><br>
<p>A stone springhouse with stucco is the sole remaining historical building, left in an unpreserved state.</p><br>
<p>The Columbia Village Dasher Green is named for the 670-acre Dasher family farm purchased in May 1963 by one of the Rouse Company land acquisition entities. In 1971 the stone farm house was destroyed by fire. The farm was systematically reduced in size between 1971 and 1978, with the last parcel sold for development in 1996. All building were demolished to build townhouses named "Cradlerock Farm". Street names are taken from the works of John Greenleaf Whittier.</p><br>
<p>Rees R & Sydney Jones Building is a heritage-listed office building at 178 Quay Street, Rockhampton, Rockhampton Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from to 1960s. It is also known as Callianiotis Constructions and should not be confused with another building occupied by Rees R & Sydney Jones at 186 Quay Street. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The one-storeyed brick building at 178 Quay Street was built for solicitor Rees Rutland Jones in about 1886. The building contributes to the 19th century commercial streetscape of Quay Street and represents a phase of commercial development and growth in Rockhampton during the late 19th century precipitated by trade at the port and the success of the Mount Morgan gold mines during the 1880s.</p><br>
<p>The legal firm Rees R and Sydney Jones was established in 1864 by Rees Rutland Jones and is today the oldest existing legal practice in Queensland. Rees Rutland Jones was to become one of the best known legal practitioners and prominent public identities in Central Queensland, eventually becoming a member of the Rockhampton Municipal Council, member for Rockhampton North in the Queensland Legislative Assembly, solicitor for the Mount Morgan Mining Company and the town solicitor from the years 1871 until 1896. Rees R Jones at the time of his death was the oldest practitioner on the Roll of the Supreme Court of Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Rees Rutland Jones had occupied three different premises prior to the construction of the 1886 building. On 24 July, Rees R and Sydney Jones acquired the site in Quay Street which until this time had been vacant. The building was erected in the year which sealed the success of the Mount Morgan gold mines and its construction reflected the boom in development which occurred in Rockhampton during the 1880s. The building occupied one of the most advantageous positions in the city being situated close to the wharves and the other principal business premises along Quay Street. Rockhampton had been the major port in central Queensland since 1858, handling the pastoral and mineral products from the western settlements and it was the position of the wharves across from Quay Street which fostered the distinctive commercial development in the area.</p><br>
<p>Rees R and Sydney Jones extended their former premises in 1966-7 to cope with expanded staff numbers, but in 1975 decided to relocate their business to the former Queensland National Bank premises on the corner of Quay and Denham Streets.</p><br>
<p>In 1976 Central Queensland Salt Industries purchased this building and in June 1990 it was sold to Callianiotis Constructions.</p><br>
<p>In December 2015, the building was available for lease.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Rees R and Sydney Jones Building abuts Quay Street and occupies almost the entire site allotment that adjoins the C J Edwards Chambers on the western side and Cattle House on the east.</p><br>
<p>The single storeyed brick building is elongated in form and consists basically of the original hip roofed section of the building at the front with a long gable roofed extension at the rear. The symmetrical facade of the building is cement rendered and strongly modelled with quoin work at each corner and around the front entrance. The original window and door frames have been replaced with modern aluminium style fixtures. Both windows have moulded architraves. A deep cornice together with dentils runs the full width of the building. The roof of the building is hidden from the street by a simple parapet. Internally the original section of the building consists of a central tiled corridor that provides access to three small carpeted offices on both sides. Most of the existing partition walls are original, as is much of the timber architraving. The acoustic ceiling throughout this section is suspended and is positioned approximately 600 mm below the original. The original rear brick wall is currently painted and former window openings have been sealed. The original brick lined vaulted safe still survives.</p><br>
<p>A large single storeyed addition is attached to the rear of the original building. The structure is built of brick with a steel frame and has a concrete slab floor.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Rees R and Sydney Jones Building was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Rees R and Sydney Jones building, erected in 1886 forms part of the historic Quay Street precinct which is distinguished by its late 19th century commercial buildings. The Quay Street precinct stands as a legacy to the Port of Rockhampton which served central Queensland from 1858. The port was influential in establishing Rockhampton as the premier commercial city of central Queensland and the river wharves fostered the substantial commercial development along Quay Street, enabling it to become the principal business district of the city. The solidity of the buildings were a symbol of Rockhamptons wealth, particularly generated by the Mount Morgan gold rush of the 1880s, and reflected the confidence with which the community and developers viewed Rockhamptons future.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The building possesses important aesthetic value because it contributes to the continuity and character of the late nineteenth century quayside.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>It also has special association for the people of Rockhampton through its significant aesthetic and historic contribution to Quay Street, which for many is the symbol of Rockhampton and is very closely associated with the image of the city.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The prominent Rockhampton legal firm, Rees R and Sydney Jones, has a long association with this building as its first owners and occupants for a period of 90 years.</p><br>
<p>The Gideon C. Hixon House is a historic residence built in 1859 and located in La Crosse, Wisconsin. The house was built for Gideon Hixon, a partner in a lumber business. Hixon would later become a founder and president of the La Cross National Bank and would serve in the state legislature. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The two-story Italianate room house was built in 1859. Made of clapboard, the house features a shallow pitch roof with a substantial overhand and carved wooden brackets. The rather modest exterior is offset by the more richly appointed interior, furnished with artifacts acquired by the wealthy Mr. Hixon during national and overseas travel.</p><br>
<p>Additions were made to the house in 1870 and again in the early 1880s. The house is owned by the La Crosse County Historical Society and has been restored and maintained as it existed at the end of the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>Martin–Fitch House and Asa Fitch Jr. Laboratory, also known as the Fitch House, is a historic home and laboratory located at Salem, Washington County, New York. The house was built about 1787, and modified between about 1796 and 1812, and again about 1830. It is a two-story, five bay, Late Georgian style heavy timber frame dwelling. It has a steep hipped slate roof with dormers and two interior chimneys. The Asa Fitch, Jr. Laboratory, or “Bug House,” was built about 1825 and enlarged about 1860. It is a small two-story, gable roofed frame rectangular building with a lean-to addition. Also on the property are the contributing barn  and milk house . It was the home and laboratory of Asa Fitch , first occupational entomologist in the USA</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.</p><br>
<p>Milldean and the Alexander-Davis House, also known as Eaglebrook and the Eagle Hotel, are a pair of historic houses on Main Street in the village center of Grafton, Vermont. Built c. 1826 and c. 1831, the two houses are statewide rare examples of a transitional Federal-Greek Revival style executed in brick. They are also historically significant for their association with Grafton&#39;s textile trade, which was economically important in the mid-19th century. The houses were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Milldean and Alexander-Davis Houses stand in the center of Grafton Village, opposite the Grafton Grocery Market. The two houses each stand with a gable facing the street, and additions extending northward, toward the Saxtons River. They were built for Peter Dean and Lucius Alexander, co-owners of a textile mill that stood on the river bank north of Milldean (the left house of the pair). Both originally presented an early example of the Greek Revival side-hall plan, executed with predominantly Federal details.</p><br>
<h3>Alexander-Davis House</h3><br>
<p>The Alexander-Davis House was the first of the two houses to be built (c. 1826), and is also the most-altered of the pair. It is now five bays wide, with a two-story front porch, both alterations the result of its conversion in 1840 into a hotel. The original part of the house is the left three bays, whose brick is laid in six-course American bond, while the right two bays are laid in seven-course American bond. The entrance is in what is now the center bay, set in a slightly recessed semi-oval arch, with flanking sidelight windows and a transom below the blind arch. A distinguishing feature of the interior of this house is artwork on its walls that is attributable to the itinerant artist Moses Eaton, Jr.</p><br>
<h3>Milldean</h3><br>
<p>Milldean was built c. 1831, and was originally nearly identical in appearance to the Alexander-Davis House. It has a three-bay facade, with the entrance in the rightmost bay (as that of the other house would originally have been set), with identical styling. The interior has retained most of its original finish, having undergone some alteration and renovation in the 1980s. Wood-frame ells extend to the rear, connecting the house to a modern carriage barn.</p><br>
<p>The Gogo Falls, is an archaeological site near a former and since 1956 dammed waterfall, located in the Lake Victoria Basin in Migori County, western Kenya. This site is important to archaeology as it includes some of the earliest appearances of artifacts and domestic animals in the area. The findings at the site help to reconstruct the later pre-history around Lake Victoria. Artifacts found at the site included pottery and iron artifacts. Through these artifacts some of the cultural traditions of the people who lived near Gogo Falls were discovered.</p><br>
<h2>Location and Environmental Setting</h2><br>
<p>Gogo Falls is located in the Lake Victoria Basin in Kenya. Gogo Falls is precisely located on the Kanyamkago Hillside near the modern dam on the West bank of Gucha River (also known as Kuja River). The Kanyamkago Hills were formed out of Pre-Cambrian rocks. The modern dam is fairly close to Gogo Falls but it did not form any of the falls in the area, the falls were all formed naturally. The falls were a good place to collect fish because they offered easy access to those who resided in the area.</p><br>
<h2>History of Research</h2><br>
<p>The first archaeologist to work in the Lake Victoria region of Kenya was Archdeacon W.E. Owen, he later enlisted the help of Louis Leakey. After their work, there were a few caves that were excavated but they did not present any important artifacts. That was the extent of the work done in the Lake Victoria Basin until 1980 when Peter Robertshaw started his work in Gogo Falls. Robertshaw and Collett visited Gogo Falls in 1981, they found that some of the ground had been disturbed due to work on the local dam. From the visible disturbance they found the ground had archaeological evidence that should be further examined. The items found were ash midden that included Oltome Pottery, faunal remains and stone artifacts. There were cattle teeth found in the area but through further research it appeared that the cattle and the pottery were not related. Robertshaw returned to Gogo Falls in 1983 to further excavate the site with new trenches located in different areas of the falls. In 1989, Karega-Munene excavated Gogo Falls on a larger scale using similar excavations techniques to Robertshaw’s in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Research and Excavation Strategy</h2><br>
<p>In 1983, Robert Shaw dug five trenches of varying sizes about 2m x 2m. The strategy for excavation of the five trenches included the removal of topsoil with picks and shovels. Once below the topsoil, trowels were used for the remainder of the excavations. The deposit was then separated in 10 cm deep units which were then identified by both a number and letter. After the deposit was separated into units, it was then dry-sieved using a sieve with 5 mm mesh.</p><br>
<p>The 1989, excavations of this area were conducted by Karega-Munene. The excavation decided to focus on the area that was adjacent to the river. They established a grid that resulted in 52 squares, each measured 5m x 5m. There were two plots that produced the most finds and they were identified as Area A. After those plots provided so many finds they excavated more squares in that area which were labeled 1 thru 30. The excavations of these squares were different than Robertshaw’s excavations because the topsoil was not removed by shovels, but instead separated into 10 cm spits.</p><br>
<h2>Dating</h2><br>
<p>There were different types of dating used at Gogo Falls. They found small samples of charcoal which were sent to the University of Oxford to be dated using radiocarbon dating techniques. However, the samples of charcoal found were less than 30g, which meant the dates were only average dates because the samples were smaller than what was needed to obtain an exact date. The samples were not able to give exact dates because they could have come from the levels above or below the level that was being dated. Even though the samples had minor problems for obtaining dates, they were the best option for dates in those levels. However, there were items that were dated using this method that did support the understanding of the site. The dates found did not always match the stratigraphy but the dates themselves were not statistically different. The other technique used to date items in Gogo Falls was obsidian hydration. For the excavations in 1983, J.W. Michele performed the obsidian hydration dating at MOHLAB. There were also problems with this kind of dating because rates of hydration are not always constant enough to date correctly. The date of an item could change based on how much sunlight that it receives and the chemical composition that is in its environment. Some dates of samples that were found did not match because there was a 1500-year gap between the two and some of the other dates were older than the ones that were found in deeper layers. However, there were other dates that showed stratigraphic consistency because there were layers in the trenches that showed the deeper levels were older than the ones above it. The dates that were attained from the excavations date to about 2000 BP and range between the years of 1510-990 BC and AD 4 and AD 410.</p><br>
<h2>Finds</h2><br>
<p>There were many different items excavated at Gogo Falls, found were ash Midden, Akira Pottery, Kansyore Pottery, Elementeitan Pottery, Urewe Pottery, iron artifacts, regular shells beads, ostrich eggshell beads, faunal remains, stone artifacts and charcoal. The stone Artifacts include obsidian, quartz, small microliths and modified blades of different sizes. They also hunted because bones of zebra, warthog, bush pig, and oribi were found at the site. There were many different artifacts and remains found at Gogo Falls, the finds were spread throughout the different areas that were excavated but all of the areas were consistent with the others.</p><br>
<h2>Discussion</h2><br>
<p>Gogo Falls helps archaeologists today because based on recent studies of stable isotopes of animal teeth, a path has been found that would have allowed people to travel to South Africa. Since it is known that there was a large amount of domestic animals and wild animals at the site it proves that there was no tsetse flies in the area. If there was tsetse flies, then there would not have been evidence of herding in Gogo Falls. The stable isotopes also prove that the area had been covered in grasses for the last 2000 years due to the increase of rainfall in the later Holocene, the environment was ideal to have supported domestic animals. This evidence helps prove that there could have been a movement of people from East Africa to South Africa, because the main source of food for people were animals and they would have had to travel through areas that animals could survive.</p><br>
<p>The Edith Chipman House is a historic house located at 201 West 3rd Street in Vermont, Illinois. Edith Chipman, the widow of a wealthy local farmer and lumber seller, had the house built in 1912. The house had a four-over-four plan, typified by four equally sized rooms and a central hallway on both of its two stories, with American Foursquare exterior features and Classical Revival details. The houses cubelike shape and its hip roof with hipped dormers are typical of American Foursquare homes, though the interior plan is not typical of Foursquare architecture. Its Classical Revival elements include the Tuscan columns supporting the porch, the entablatures on the inside of the doors and windows, and the staircases balusters and newel posts.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 7, 1996.</p><br>
<p>The Lucinda Hunter House is a historic house located at 101 East 8th Street in Vermont, Illinois, United States. The house was built in the early 1870s for Lucinda Hunter, the mother of village postmaster John Hiram Hunter. The house is an example of the Gable Front type of the Side Hall plan, a vernacular style popular for much of the 19th century. The Side Hall plan as exhibited in the house features two rooms on each story connected by a hall to the side; the Gable Front type reflects its roof form, a gable roof with a front-facing gable. Elements of several popular architectural styles decorate the house, such as the Greek Revival entrance, Italianate arched windows, and Gothic pointed arches on the porch.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 7, 1996.</p><br>
<p>Pyan Gaun, or Pyangaun, is a settlement that is a part of the Chapagaun village development committee in the Lalitpur district of Nepal. It is 14 km south of Kathmandu. The settlement is known for its excellence in crafting bamboo, particularly in making buckets used for measurement.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>Referred to as Sitapur in ancient times, Pyangaun is a centuries-old crafting village. The settlement&#39;s name comes from its unique production of bamboo buckets, known as pyang in Nepali. These buckets became regional standard measurements in units called Maana and Pathi. In the past, the village held a monopoly on these buckets in the Kathmandu valley.</p><br>
<h2>Legend</h2><br>
<p>The original inhabitants are believed to be the children of Yatsya Malla from Bhaktapur (not to be confused with King Yakshya Malla of Kathmandu Valley). When the son went to the king for his and his mother&#39;s right, the king advised them to work and gave them a place to stay. The son worked on bamboo crafting, especially measuring instruments for grains. It became his profession and he searched for raw bamboo around the palace.</p><br>
<h2>Bamboo craft</h2><br>
<p>To bring quality bamboos to the village for crafting, workers used to cross the Bagmati river to reach the trail of Chure in the Makwanpur district in the south. In order to prepare buckets of different sizes, they first cut the bamboo into pieces and used fire to flatten it into a mold.The local Shyam Sundar Maharjan quotes,“There was an adventure in collecting the aged bamboos. The wider the width and the older the age (of the bamboo), the bigger the size of the bucket and the greater its life. The demand for bamboo buckets declined with the advent of plastic and chemical products, so it is useless to go for such a long trekking nowadays. I am still making weighing measures using the bamboo available nearby, but these products are not as strong as they used to be”Bamboo boxes have long been replaced by standard metal products in urban areas, but were used in rural areas until the 1990s.</p><br>
<h2>Festivals</h2><br>
<p>The major festivals celebrated in Pyan Gaun are Indra Jatra, Nasa Dyo Puja, Mul Jatra during Chaitra Purnima and Gai Jatra.</p><br>
<p>The main festival of Pyan Gaun is Indra Jatra, when the people of Pyangaun perform a form of dance known as Kug pyakha. The dance used to be taken to Kathmandu to show to the King at Hanuman Dhokha. The festival lasts for four days.</p><br>
<p>The Cervantes Islands are a small group of islands in Western Australia, found to the south west of Cervantes.</p><br>
<h2>Island group</h2><br>
<p>The Cervantes Islands are a group of three individual islands:</p><br>
<p>North Cervantes Island with an area of 2,84 hectare located 1.6 km from the mainland with a maximum elevation of 8 m</p><br>
<p>Middle Cervantes Island with an area of 0.45 hectare located 2.6 km from the mainland.</p><br>
<p>South Cervantes Island with an area of 0.71 hectare located 2.7 km from the mainland.</p><br>
<p>The group sits within the Jurien Bay Marine Park and the Turquoise Coast islands nature reserve group, a chain of 40 islands spread over a distance of 150 km.</p><br>
<p>The islands are named for an American whaling ship that was wrecked off the North island in 1844. The ship was named after the writer Miguel de Cervantes.</p><br>
<p>The Australian sea lion is known to inhabit the islands.</p><br>
<p>The Dixie Plantation is a Southern plantation with a historic house located in Franklin, Louisiana, USA.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The two-story mansion was built for Hilarie Carlin circa 1835. It was acquired by Richard A. Wilkins in 1846. Wilkins&#39;s sister, Sally, married George Pickett in this house in 1851; he later served as a general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War of 1861-1865.</p><br>
<p>In 1883, it was purchased by Murphy J. Foster, who served as the 31st Governor of Louisiana from 1892 to 1900. It was inherited by his granddaughter, Mrs Langfitt Bowditch Wilby.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural significance</h2><br>
<p>It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since May 29, 1987.</p><br>
<p>Corinth Village, also known as the Skinner Settlement Historic District and West Corinth, is an early 19th-century rural crossroads village in the small town of Corinth, Maine. Centered at the junction of Ledge Hill and West Corinth Roads, the village includes a number of buildings constructed before 1850, one of which may have been the first frame structure built in the area. The village was listed as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The town of Corinth is a rural community northwest of Bangor in the interior of Maine. The town&#39;s first settler, Daniel Skinner, arrived in what is now called West Corinth, and built a log cabin in 1793. C. 1810–15 Skinner built the Cape style frame house that now stands on West Corinth Road, east of its junction with Ledge Hill Road in the northwestern portion of the town. From this modest beginning a small village grew around the crossroads, with a general store, district schoolhouse, and a handful of other farmhouses, stretched mainly along Ledge Hill Road between West Corinth and Mccard Roads. The settlement, one of four early settlements in the town, was eclipsed by East Corinth in civic importance when the town hall and first church were located in the latter village in the 1830s.</p><br>
<p>The village was economically successful until roughly the period of the American Civil War. Services included two general stores (both with meeting halls on the second floor, a tavern, blacksmith, and cooper. Industry was always at a low scale, including brief periods in which oars, carriages, and sleds for the transport of lumber were manufactured. The village in the 1840s received the town&#39;s second church, a clapboarded Greek Revival building dedicated in 1849 and little altered since. Of the commercial and industrial facilities, only one of the stores remains standing. Most of the houses are modest 1–1/2 story Cape style wood frame structures, sometimes with ells connecting them to a barn.</p><br>
<p>The Nathaniel Hawthorne Boyhood Home is a historic house at Raymond Cape Road and Hawthorne Road in Raymond, Maine. Built about 1812, the house was the childhood home of author Nathaniel Hawthorne. Its interior now much altered, it serves as a function space for a community organization dedicated to its preservation. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Hawthorne Boyhood Home is located in northern Raymond, near the border with Casco to the north, at the southeast corner of Hawthorne Road and Raymond Cape Road. It is a rectangular 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a side gable roof, brick end chimneys, and clapboard siding. Its main facade faces north toward Hawthorne Road, and is five bays wide, with an elaborate center entrance that has flanking sidelight windows and pilasters, and is topped by a wide Federal-period fan. Its windows and corners are otherwise trimmed modestly. The interior is reflective of the building&#39;s later 19th-century uses as a dance school, tavern, and church, and consists of three large rooms.</p><br>
<p>The house was built about 1812 by Dr. Richard Manning, who was an uncle to Nathaniel Hawthorne. Hawthorne is known to have lived for some years with his uncle in this house, and probably continued to visit it during his years at Bowdoin College (1822–25). The house was known in its early years as "Mannings Folly", because of Mannings extravagant wallpaper, large fireplaces, and expensive Belgian glass windows. Manning eventually moved back to Salem, Massachusetts, and the house was converted into a tavern. Manning left a bequest to the town for the construction of a church in South Casco, which was used, instead of building a new church, to convert his old house into one in 1839. The house has been owned by the Hawthorne Community Association, a local group dedicated to the building&#39;s preservation.</p><br>
<p>The Houghtonville Historic District encompasses a cluster of residential properties that are all that remain of one of the early industrial areas of Grafton, Vermont. Located west of Grafton Village on Houghtonville Road , it includes ten well-preserved 19th-century houses, some located on properties where early mills once stood. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The area that is now Grafton was first chartered in 1754, but only began to see permanent settlement in the late 1770s, in the town&#39;s Middletown section. Grafton Village developed around the confluence of two branches of the Saxtons River, a tributary of the Connecticut River. Houghtonville, located about 3 mi up the North Branch Saxtons River from Grafton Village, developed around a mill and homesteads established on the river by the Houghton family. The mills operated through the 19th century, closing in the early 20th century. The village grew to include a post office and schoolhouse, both buildings still standing. In the 1910s and 1920s some of the older houses were rehabilitated for use as summer residences.</p><br>
<p>The historic district extends westward along Houghtonville Road, from its junction with Cabell Road past the junction with Stagecoach Road. It includes properties a short way up Stagecoach Road, as well as the bridge across the River on Cabell Road, which is an early concrete bridge built about 1921 (or possibly after the New England Hurricane of 1938; there is some disagreement in available documentation). The district includes three large farm properties, whose acreage contributes to the rural feel of the area; most of the other buildings are set on small lots close to the road. Also included are the archaeological remains of two of the mills that once powered the village economy.</p><br>
<p>Elands Bay Cave is located near the mouth of the Verlorenvlei estuary on the Atlantic coast of South Africa&#39;s Western Cape Province. The climate has continuously become drier since the habitation of hunter-gatherers in the Later Pleistocene. The archaeological remains recovered from previous excavations at Elands Bay Cave have been studied to help answer questions regarding the relationship of people and their landscape, the role of climate change that could have determined or influenced subsistence changes, and the impact of pastoralism and agriculture on hunter-gatherer communities.</p><br>
<h2>History of Research</h2><br>
<p>Renowned archaeologist John Parkington excavated Elands Bay Cave in the 1970s providing vast information of the cave&#39;s inhabitants. Parkington frequently used methods of comparing various characteristics in his findings in order to highlight phases of transformations at Elands Bay Cave. Other archaeologists and specialists have analyzed the findings from Parkington. Parkington, Cartwright, Cowling, Baxter, and Meadows (2000), analyzed wood charcoal and pollen data from Elands Bay Cave to explain the environmental change. Klein, in 2001 studied fossil remains and faunal data to indicate hunter-gatherer behavioral and cultural adaptations. In 1999, Cowling, Cartwright, Parkington, & Allsopp researched wood charcoal in order to explain environmental changes. Woodborne, Hart, & Parkington (1995) researched seal bones to construct the timing and the duration of hunter-gatherer coastal journeys. Orton (2006) examined raw materials to produce a lithic sequence for the Later Stone Age in Elands Bay Cave. Lastly, Matthews (1999) used taphonomy and previous research by Peter Andrews to understand the formation and interpretation of micromammals at Elands Bay Cave.</p><br>
<h2>Environment</h2><br>
<p>The coastline of Elands Bay Cave has changed dramatically since the end of the Ice Age. A coastal plain once extended some 20 km west of Elands Bay Cave into the sea. Heavier rainfall and different ocean levels allowed Elands Bay Cave to be a lush environment in the past. Testing of faunal remains, bones, and wood charcoals provided evidence of wetter conditions in the terminal Pleistocene. During that time, the environment consisted of colder weather with heavier rain fall which created vegetation that was different than it is today. Now, it has become a drier environment with different species residing there. Rainfall from 9,600 to 13,600 years ago produced 400 mm comparable to today’s 300 mm. More recent environmental conditions near Elands Bay Cave are characteristic of mild weather with an approximated 200–250 mm per year of rainfall occurring every winter. Elands Bay Cave is in close proximity (approximately 3 kilometers) to a rich intertidal environment supporting numerous shellfish species, sea birds, kelp beds, and marine mammals.</p><br>
<p>Over time, the climatic atmosphere near Elands Bay Cave became drier and the soil conditions turned to sand. Dense shrubs are maintained by older sand creating patches of subtropical plants in the area. These environmental changes resulted in a reduction of available resources such as fresh water, mussels, and shellfish.</p><br>
<p>Transitions from the last glaciation to the Holocene had a significant impact on the type of vegetation and wildlife that could be supported along the southern coast. Researchers suggest that because of increased aridity, the inhabitants of Elands Bay Cave abandoned the site and migrated elsewhere. Lack of archaeological remains concerning the dates of 8,000 to 4,400 and 4,000 BP support the theory of an occupation hiatus during these time frames.</p><br>
<h2>Excavations</h2><br>
<p>Archaeological excavations at Elands Bay Cave began in the 1970s. Scientific interest has focused on investigating coastal changes, subsistence and seasonal mobility. Faunal remains representing the time period of 13.600-12.000 years ago were left behind by the cave&#39;s occupants. The majority of the faunal assemblage consists of grazing animals and is indicative of a grassland environment. The faunal remains were examined and compared to collections at the South Africa Museum in Cape Town. Few marine specimens were recovered from this time span and is indicative of the 12 km distance from the cave to the coast. Cartwright and Parkington (1997) excavated 6,700 fragments of wood charcoal that were retrieved through dry sieving large soil samples of 39 collections. Excavation of wood charcoal and pollen in the cave suggests that last glacial maximum had wetter conditions with lush forests and Afromontane elements 20,000 years ago. There were also varieties of charcoal tested from 20,000, 13,500, and 10,500 years ago. Researchers have also analyzed micromammals, such as mice, as paleoenvironmental indicators. Micromammal remains were encountered during excavations and occur throughout the units dating from 13,260 to 300 years before present. The micromammal specimens were recovered using 12mm and 3mm sieves, however, the researchers comment that this mesh size was likely too large to account for smaller faunal remains. Understanding the taphonomic processes that contributed to the deposition of the micromammal remains at Elands Bay Cave is important because it has identified a number of predators likely responsible for the accumulation of faunal material. that became a great tool for formation of micromammal collection. Excavations in Elands Bay Cave and surrounding areas support a hypothesis of migration in winter months. Assemblages of shellfish findings portray that the theory of shellfish changing in size during prehistoric times because of environment was overthrown and was replaced by consuming large amounts of shellfish at the time. Observations and excavations were done in Elands Bay Cave in order to properly identify species of fish bones with accurate representation in specific levels. Excavations that were conducted from 1970 to 1978 in Elands Bay Cave concluded that there was a stratified sequence of deposits that dated to the late Pleistocene. Between 8000 and 6000 years ago, the rise in sea level eventually resulted in the present location of Elands Bay Cave now on the coast. Excavations after 4,000 BP revealed there were 13 different species of fish represented at the site, 6 of which are still found today in the aquatic milieus. These findings supported the conclusion that due to the close proximity to the coast, fishing activities were the dominant subsistence strategy practiced by the people who occupied Elands Bay Cave. With the coastline in its present-day location by about 6000 years ago, the inhabitants of the cave were thus in a favorable location to exploit marine resources.</p><br>
<h2>Stratigraphy and Dating</h2><br>
<p>There are 60 radiocarbon dates that represent activity during the Holocene, a large part of the terminal Pleistocene, and also the last glacial maximum. Stratigraphy dating and the Middle Stone Age artifacts are at the base, then ashy loam&#39;s before 20,000 years ago BP, lastly topped with shell middens. Upper shell middens range from 3,800 to 300 BP, though there was a disturbance of accumulation from 7,900 years ago that stopped for about 4,000 years. Around 11,000 to 9,000 years ago the terrestrial fauna began to change. Shell middens from the Holocene are on top of Pleistocene soil that was accumulated from the last glacial period. Prior to 9,000 BP, seals do not appear to be seasonal at Elands Bay Cave. The seal collection was divided into two collections: upper ranging from 1,400 BP and lower ranging from 10,000 BP to 9,500 BP. Charcoal that was 40,000 years old was studied. Proteoid fynbos was able to be harvested because of improved soils in 12,450 BP to 13,600 BP. In the terminal Pleistocene, approximately 16,000 to 8,000 years ago, ostrich egg shells and animal bones were introduced to the cave. Establishment of non-micro lithic industry was discovered to be from 10,000 BP continuing on to 8900 BP. It is found that major increase of formal tools took place in 9,500 BP. The transitions of tool assemblages in Elands Bay Cave are assumed to be from 8,800 to 8,500 BP. In 8,000 BP Holocene, Elands Bay Cave had microlithics for the first time. Radiocarbon dates indicate that Albany Industry was in use circa 13,000 and 9,000 BP.</p><br>
<h2>Findings</h2><br>
<h3>Artefacts and Faunal Remains</h3><br>
<p>Elands Bay Cave is perceived as the central site because it includes the largest sample sizes and covers more time spans. Elands Bay Cave has been used at different times for various purposes; evidence found at the cave suggests that there is a series of overlapping events that are in no constant order. The research that has been done in the cave concludes that people lived there around 4,400 to 3,000 years ago and that hunting and gathering activities persisted until the 17th century AD. Migration patterns were found due to shell midden evidence from marine resources archaeologists found displaying exploitation from that time. All the research contributes in various ways of monitoring stratigraphic anomalies within Elands Bay Cave.</p><br>
<h3>Culture</h3><br>
<p>Group sizes varied at different points, some were just a few families and at other times there could have been up to 100 people. Either way, a community was built. Hunter-gatherers became more advanced in the Later Stone age compared to the Middle Stone Age. Expansion of hearths found inside Elands Bay Cave illustrates that people were skillful with fire. It also indicates cultural evolution by gathering together when it was dark or cold outside. They also discovered that hunter-gatherers stored food underground in containers and used ostrich eggs as portable water vessels. People from the Later Stone Age seemed to have gathered the most remains from fish and aerial birds which indicate artefactual observation conclusion of people fishing and fowling routinely.</p><br>
<h3>Seal Bones</h3><br>
<p>Seal mandibles that were found at the cave were compared to mandibles from South Africa Museum and Department of Sea Fisheries Collection. The upper division of seals collection explained that seals were hunted during winter and spring months. This implies that hunter-gatherers would purposefully plan to be at the Elands Bay Cave at those times. The lower collection finds that there was no seasonal correlation to habitation and that the seals were 2 years old. The study of seal mandibles aid in gaining understanding of deaths and predict probable seasonal migration. Through carbon isotope testing, upper level dating of seal bones were found to not be consistent with findings of human remains at the same time. These findings were all to demonstrate that the cave was accessible and used to easily capture seals pups. Animal bones demonstrate drastic change in vegetation. Seal bones are plentiful after 11,000 to 10,000 BP. Bones used to identify seals in Elands Bay Cave are mainly the remains of limb bones, such as the humeri. These bone types can be distinguished from other wildlife skeletal remains because they lack a marrow cavity. During 11,000 to 10,000 BP sea levels rose, this allowed seals to be exploited through hunting.</p><br>
<h3>Wood and Pollen Findings</h3><br>
<p>Before 4,000 BP people from Elands Bay Cave would gather wood from moister plants that would grow in different areas. Pollen in small denominations is discovered from the last glacial maximum but none from past that time. This is presented through the connection of higher moisture availability supporting fuel wood accessibility and variety. Samples of wood charcoal and pollen that are 17,000 to 20,000 years old (terminal Pleistocene) show a connection to vegetation rather than rainfall. Recent charcoal resembles xeric thicket and states that vegetation was more diverse. There is a drainage system that has gone through Elands Bay Cave, the Velorenvlei. It is speculated that the connection from that drainage system to Elands Bay Cave has a significant impact on the collection of pollen that is found in Elands Bay Cave. It is revealed that the moisture in the soil has been deteriorating from at least 4,000 years ago; other observations conclude similar findings because of evidence from pollen and faunal remains from the same epochs.</p><br>
<h3>Middens</h3><br>
<p>The stratigraphy of Elands Bay Cave is dominated by shell midden as well as levels composed of ashy matrix interpreted as living floor features containing remnants of grasses possibly used as bedding, bone and shell. There was 40 cubic meters of shell middens found from the Holocene period. Aside from mussel shells, middens consisted of ostrich shells and other marine shells. It was discovered that ostrich eggs, used as water containers, were sometimes repurposed as beads after breaking. Some wood charcoal from 40,000 years ago from the terminal Holocene (300 years ago) to early late Pleistocene revealed that it was beyond range of carbon dating. There was only 25-44 g/m3 microfaunal found. In early Holocene, limpets were the dominant species represented within the midden levels. Four stratigraphic levels were observed throughout the middens and were documented. Stages 1,2, and 3 are the top three levels; they are believed to be dated to around 1,500 to 600 BP. The lower stage, level 4, is understood to be dated no older that 1,500 BP.</p><br>
<h3>Taphonomy</h3><br>
<p>Archeological evidence supports taphonomy investigations in order to rule out assumptions of extinction or depletion of wildlife. It is important to identify who the predator is before environment analysis. It was found that the study of taphonomy was important because it allowed researchers to distinguish the factors responsible for the collection and establishment of habits and behaviors of different species. Researchers discovered that predator species contributed to micromammal accumulations and with this, helped recreate the environment they lived in. Remains from different predator birds show that the Barn Owl was not the only airborne wildlife using the cave as a shelter. Additional suspect predators include different owl species such as the spotted eagle owl, the giant owl, the Cape eagle owl, as well the black backed jackal and the grey mongoose.</p><br>
<h3>Bones</h3><br>
<p>There were remains of sheep bones found at Elands Bay Cave between 2,000 and 1,500 BP. The first bone collectors in Elands Bay Cave were discovered to be people from the Stone Age. Some bones were gnawed and chewed, which predicted the habitation of carnivores and porcupines. Evidence suggests that mole rats could have been introduced by people bringing them when they migrated to Elands Bay Cave or, the more likely suggestion is that they were brought by Eagle owls after 10,000 BP. There are fluctuations in evidence which are reflections of periods when the owls used the cave. Fossil samples from mole rat humeri’s were collected and tested. Jaws and foot bones are the most common bones used to identify species since they are long-lasting and easy to identify even when in pieces. Over time there was a reduction in mole rat sizes in the collections, likely because of weather and environmental changes. This would explain the appearance of certain animals like hedgehogs since they favor wetter climates. Some animals such as the Cape horse became extinct and others like the hedgehog came about. This could be seen through fossils found in soil deposits.</p><br>
<h3>Fish</h3><br>
<p>Fish species within the faunal assemblage recovered from Elands Bay Cave increased over time and represent both estuary and marine varieties. This is a reflection of higher sea levels from the conversion of the last glaciation to the Holocene. Excavations from 1970 to 1978, revealed that the white steenbras was the most prevalent fish species. The varying size of the white steenbras over time may reflect a fishing technology that employed the use of fish gorges. Layers where bone gorges were present typically were void of small age classes. Fish species remained relatively unchanged throughout the Holocene levels, with the most common type being the Sparidae.</p><br>
<h3>Shellfish</h3><br>
<p>Shellfish remains discovered after 4,000 BP indicate an increase in marine resource exploitation and represents a shift away from mammals as the dietary staple. This was produced because the coastline became part of the cave’s basin. A high percentage, 90%, of shell middens from the Holocene period were black mussels. These types of findings in an area would indicate a settlement with shellfish being a large portion of their daily nutritional intake. In Elands Bay Cave there were three main shell middens remains: Black mussels, and two different classes of limpets. The shells that were found had not reached full adulthood within the cave, which leads archaeologists to believe that they were an essential part of their diet. There were notable different sizes outside the cave but it is speculated that it is because of the consumption inside the cave that the mussels were accessible and therefore, there was a slim chance for the shellfish to reach mature age.</p><br>
<h2>Artefacts</h2><br>
<h3>Stone Tools</h3><br>
<p>Until 9,000 years ago in the Late Pleistocene and early Holocene, stone tools were made out of quartz. There was an abundance of vein quartz, even if found in small forms like pebbles. Even though the principal material of the tools was quartz, other materials were also found in sizable quantities. These include a substantial amount of hornfels, tough siltstones, and dolerite. Aside from quartz and silcrete, the other materials are unknown on how they got to the location. Quality raw materials are suspected to have been brought from other regions. It is also suggested that they could have manifested through trade or simply carried in from migration.</p><br>
<h2>Discussion</h2><br>
<p>Elands Bay Cave was not always occupied. There are conflicting theories of seasonal migration to the cave just like in the Early Holocene. Yet, lack of evidence of seals in Elands Bay Cave at that time leads some to suggest that it was not a seasonal habitation. Since there are no signs of transitions even with the vast diverse archeologically evidence of faunal and artifact remains, it suggests to some that people did live there for a long time not just occasionally. Hunter-gatherers were able to understand and use the land at a local and regional scale. This is demonstrated with the large amount of seal evidence in faunal collection in the terminal Pleistocene. Migration could have been an occurrence because of harsh weather and less agricultural resources which would lead them to find a location that produced more dietary supplements.</p><br>
<p>Although charcoal analysis proved faunal diversity, more research is needed to close gaps in charcoal records. Changing behavior, creating culture, and emergence of new systems need to still be studied in depth in order to gain a greater sense of the historical Elands Bay Cave community.</p><br>
<p>Dry Canyon Reservoir is a small reservoir formed by an embankment dam on Dry Canyon Creek in the Sierra Pelona Mountains of northern Los Angeles County, California, just over 6 mi north the city of Santa Clarita. It was designed a part of the Los Angeles Aqueduct system.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Constructed from 1910 to 1912, the 72,750 ft&sup3; lake with a surface elevation of approximately 1,514 ft above sea level regulated the flow of water from the irregular flow discharged from the power plants in San Francisquito Canyon. The incoming water from San Francisquito came from Tunnel 77 and the outgoing water went out Tunnel 78. Water from the lake was distributed via the Los Angeles Aqueduct to the northern portion of the Greater Los Angeles Area.</p><br>
<h3>Draining the Reservoir</h3><br>
<p>Following damages incurred by the dam itself during the 1952 Kern County earthquake and growing concerns over its structural integrity, the reservoir was drained in 1966. Since the early 1970s, efforts had been made to refill the reservoir but these plans have since been abandoned due to high costs. In the decades that followed, the suburban communities of Santa Clarita had grown northward to fill the narrow valley just downstream. The course of Dry Canyon Creek south of the reservoir was then funneled down a concrete wash to prevent flooding of the surrounding communities.</p><br>
<p>Today, the empty reservoir only provides flood control during storms. The lakebed itself has become home to a significant growth oak trees and other chaparral shrubs.</p><br>
